Leishmaniavirus

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Leishmaniavirus
Leishmania RNA virus (dsRNA,capsid).jpg
Leishmaniavirus detected in Leishmania guyanensis parasites by immunofluorescence microscopy [1]
Blue: DAPI-stained parasitic DNA
Green: Leishmaniavirus dsRNA
Red: Leishmaniavirus capsid
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Duplornaviricota
Class: Chrymotiviricetes
Order: Ghabrivirales
Family: Totiviridae
Genus:Leishmaniavirus
Species [2]

LRV1
LRV2

Leishmaniavirus (also known as Leishmania RNA virus or LRV) is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus, in the family Totiviridae . Protozoa serve as natural hosts, and Leishmaniaviruses are present in several species of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania . There are two species in this genus. [3] [4]

Contents

History

The presence of virus-like particles in Leishmania hertigi was first reported in 1974. [5] Various molecular descriptions of Leishmaniavirus were revealed over the subsequent decade, and mostly performed on members of the South American L. (Viannia) subgenus of parasites (which carries the LRV1 species) such as L. guyanensis (L.g) [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] and then later in L. braziliensis (L.b). [1] [12] Recently, interest in these microbial viruses has been renewed by a finding that they may play a role in leishmanial pathology. [13]

Prevalence

The prevalence of LRV1 in human parasites is still largely unknown. So far, no LRV1 has been detected in other key L. (Viannia) species, such as L. panamensis (L.p). Further, LRV1 is rarely found in species outside the Neotropics, and so far, all Paleotropic LRV isolates have shown genetic differences that were sufficient to classify them in a new subcategory named “LRV2”. This variant of LRV was first classified in a single isolate of L. major (L.m), [14] and is recorded as the only and exceptional member of L.m to carry it. Recently, LRV2 has also been found in strains of L. aethiopica (L.ae) [15] isolated from biopsies of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in the Ethiopian highlands.

Taxonomy

The following species are assigned to the genus: [4]

Structure

Viruses in Leishmaniavirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 33 nm. Genomes are linear, around 5.3kb in length. The genome has 2 large open reading frames. [3]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
LeishmaniavirusIcosahedralT=2Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by +1 ribosomal frameshifting. Protozoa serve as the natural host. [3]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
LeishmaniavirusProtozoa: leishmaniaNoneCell receptor endocytosisCell divisionCytoplasmCytoplasmCell division

Related Research Articles

<i>Leishmania</i> Genus of parasitic flagellate protist

Leishmania is a parasitic protozoan, a single-celled organism of the genus Leishmania that are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. They are spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. At least 93 sandfly species are proven or probable vectors worldwide. Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans.

Virusoids are circular single-stranded RNA(s) dependent on viruses for replication and encapsidation. The genome of virusoids consist of several hundred (200–400) nucleotides and does not code for any proteins.

<i>Reoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses to be obtained, revealing a structural and likely evolutionary relationship to the cystovirus family of bacteriophage. There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system and respiratory tract. The name "reo-" is an acronym for "respiratory enteric orphan" viruses. The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the family Reoviridae have more recently been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.

<i>Poxviridae</i> Family of viruses

Poxviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

<i>Cystovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.

<i>Totiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Totiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Giardia lamblia, leishmania, trichomonas vaginalis, and fungi serve as natural hosts. The name of the group derives from Latin toti which means undivided or whole. There are 28 species in this family, assigned to 5 genera.

<i>Lutzomyia</i> Genus of flies

Lutzomyia is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies consisting of nearly 400 species, at least 33 of which have medical importance as vectors of human disease. Species of the genus Lutzomyia are found only in the New World, distributed in southern areas of the Nearctic and throughout the Neotropical realm. Lutzomyia is one of the two genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae to transmit the Leishmania parasite, with the other being Phlebotomus, found only in the Old World. Lutzomyia sand flies also serve as vectors for the bacterial Carrion's disease and a number of arboviruses.

<i>Leishmania infantum</i> Species of parasitic protist

Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region and in Latin America, where it has been called Leishmania chagasi. It is also an unusual cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is normally caused by specific lineages. Wild canids and domestic dogs are the natural reservoir of this organism. The sandfly species Lutzomyia longipalpis serves as the primary vector for the transmission of the disease.

<i>Partitiviridae</i> Family of viruses

Partitiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Plants, fungi, and protozoa serve as natural hosts. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria. The name comes from the Latin partitius, which means divided, and refers to the segmented genome of partitiviruses. There are five genera and 60 species in the family, 15 of which are unassigned to a genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Double-stranded RNA viruses</span> Type of virus according to Baltimore classification

Double-stranded RNA viruses are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The double-stranded genome is used to transcribe a positive-strand RNA by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The positive-strand RNA may be used as messenger RNA (mRNA) which can be translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. The positive-strand RNA can also be replicated by the RdRp to create a new double-stranded viral genome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine leishmaniasis</span> Disease affecting dogs

Canine leishmaniasis (LEESH-ma-NIGH-ah-sis) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by the bite of an infected phlebotomine sandfly. Canine leishmaniasis was first identified in Europe in 1903, and in 1940, 40% of all dogs in Rome were determined to be positive for leishmaniasis. Traditionally thought of as a disease only found near the Mediterranean basin, 2008 research claims new findings are evidence that canine leishmaniasis is currently expanding in continental climate areas of northwestern Italy, far from the recognized disease-endemic areas along the Mediterranean coasts. Cases of leishmaniasis began appearing in North America in 2000, and, as of 2008, Leishmania-positive foxhounds have been reported in 22 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.

<i>Senecavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Senecavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Pig and maybe also cow serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Senecavirus A. Senecavirus is a replication-competent oncolytic picornavirus. It has selective tropism for cancers with neuroendocrine features including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and several pediatric solid tumors including retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma. A Phase I clinical trial of Senecavirus in adults with neuroendocrine tumors showed that senecavirus is apparently safe to administer at doses up to 1E11 vp/kg. It has potential antineoplastic activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sputnik virophage</span>

Mimivirus-dependent virus Sputnik is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus. It is known as a virophage, in analogy to the term bacteriophage.

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<i>Tibrovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Tibrovirus is a poorly characterized genus of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. There are 8 members of the genus. Tibroviruses have been isolated from biting midges, cattle, and humans. None of the tibroviruses, except for Bas-Congo virus, have been associated with any diseases.

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<i>Riboviria</i> Realm of viruses

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Ekpoma viruses, including Ekpoma 1 tibrovirus (EKV-1) and Ekpoma 2 tibrovirus (EKV-2), are orphan viruses not associated with any disease. They are negative-sense RNA viruses and members of the rhabdovirus family. Both viruses were discovered in 2015 in blood samples collected from two healthy women living in Ekpoma, Nigeria. EKV-2 appears to be widespread and ~45% of people living in and around Ekpoma have been previously exposed. Both viruses have very broad cellular tropism and the ability to infect a wide range of human cancer cell lines. Neither virus has been isolated, hindering research.

<i>Orthornavirae</i> Kingdom of viruses

Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), those genomes encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA) and to replicate the genome. Viruses in this kingdom also share a number of characteristics involving evolution, including high rates of genetic mutations, recombinations, and reassortments.

References

  1. 1 2 Zangger, H., et al., Detection of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013. 7(1): p. e2006.
  2. ↑ Adams, M.J., E.J. Lefkowitz, A.M. King, and E.B. Carstens. 2014. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2014). Archives of Virology. 159:2831-2841
  3. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Molyneux, D.H., Virus-like particles in Leishmania parasites. Nature, 1974. 249(457): p. 588.
  6. ↑ Tarr, P.I., et al., LR1: a candidate RNA virus of Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1988. 85(24): p. 9572.
  7. ↑ Stuart, K.D., et al., Molecular organization of Leishmania RNA virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992. 89(18): p. 8596.
  8. ↑ Guilbride, L., et al., Distribution and sequence divergence of LRV1 viruses among different Leishmania species. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1992. 54(1): p. 101.
  9. ↑ Weeks, R.S., et al., Transcribing and replicating particles in a double-stranded RNA virus from Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1992. 52(2): p. 207.
  10. ↑ Weeks, R., et al., LRV1 viral particles in Leishmania guyanensis contain double-stranded or single-stranded RNA. J Virol, 1992. 66(3): p. 1389.
  11. ↑ Widmer, G., et al., Characterization of a RNA virus from the parasite Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989. 86(15): p. 5979.
  12. ↑ Salinas, G., et al., Leishmania RNA viruses in Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1996. 54(4): p. 425.
  13. ↑ Ives, A., et al., Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Science, 2011. 331(6018): p. 775.
  14. ↑ Scheffter, S.M., et al., The complete sequence of Leishmania RNA virus LRV2-1, a virus of an Old World parasite strain. Virology, 1995. 212(1): p. 84.
  15. ↑ Zangger, H., et al., Leishmania aethiopica field isolates bearing an endosymbiontic dsRNA virus induce pro-inflammatory cytokine response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014. 8(4): p. e2836.
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