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In anatomy, the palatine bones are two irregular bones of the facial skeleton in many animal species, located above the uvula in the throat. Together with the maxillae, they comprise the hard palate.
Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are tonsils located on the left and right sides at the back of the throat, which can often be seen as flesh-colored, pinkish lumps. Tonsils only present as "white lumps" if they are inflamed or infected with symptoms of exudates and severe swelling.
The renal arteries are paired arteries that supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle.
The lingual tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria of the root of the tongue. This lymphatic tissue consists of the lymphatic nodules rich in cells of the immune system (immunocytes). The immunocytes initiate the immune response when the lingual tonsils get in contact with invading microorganisms.
The palatopharyngeusmuscle is a small muscle in the roof of the mouth.
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The lingual artery arises from the external carotid artery between the superior thyroid artery and facial artery. It can be located easily in the tongue.
The nasopalatine nerve (long sphenopalatine nerve) is a nerve of the head. It is a branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion, a continuation from the maxillary nerve (V2). It supplies the structures of the palate, and partially supplies the nasal septum.
The descending palatine artery is a branch of the third part of the maxillary artery supplying the hard and soft palate.
The greater palatine artery is a branch of the descending palatine artery and contributes to the blood supply of the hard palate and nasal septum.
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The palatine nerves are distributed to the roof of the mouth, soft palate, tonsil, and lining membrane of the nasal cavity.
The greater palatine nerve is a branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It carries both general sensory fibres from the maxillary nerve, and parasympathetic fibers from the nerve of the pterygoid canal. It may be anaesthetised for procedures of the mouth and maxillary (upper) teeth.
The greater palatine canal is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity.
The lesser palatine nerve (posterior palatine nerve) is one of two palatine nerves that descends through the greater palatine canal, and emerges by the lesser palatine foramen. It is a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) It also has nasal branches that innervate the nasal cavity.
The human nose is the most protruding part of the face. It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system. It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the nasal septum which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.
The tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve supply the palatine tonsil, forming around it a plexus from which filaments are distributed to the soft palate and fauces, where they communicate with the palatine nerves.
The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus and trachea. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. The pharynx carries food and air to the esophagus and larynx respectively. The flap of cartilage called the epiglottis stops food from entering the larynx.
References
- ↑ Choi, Jinho; Park, Hyung-Sik (1 January 2003). "The clinical anatomy of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . 61 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1053/joms.2003.50012. ISSN 0278-2391.
- 1 2 3 Miwa, Yoko; Asaumi, Rieko; Kawai, Taisuke; Maeda, Yuuki; Sato, Iwao (1 February 2018). "Morphological observation and CBCT of the bony canal structure of the groove and the location of blood vessels and nerves in the palatine of elderly human cadavers". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy . 40 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1007/s00276-017-1952-6. ISSN 1279-8517.
- ↑ " Lesser palatine arteries " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ Maistry, T.; Lazarus, L.; Partab, P.; Satyapal, K. S. (2012). "An Anatomical Study of the Arterial Supply to the Soft Palate" (PDF). International Journal of Morphology. 30 (3): 847–857.
- ↑ Zhang, K. Q. (1 January 1994). "Artery supply of the lip and palate in normal and cleft patients". Chinese Journal of Stomatology. 29 (1): 30–3, 63. ISSN 1002-0098. PMID 7995132.
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