This is the list of Schedule I controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act. [1] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [2]
Except as specifically authorized, it is illegal for any person:
Additional substances are added to the list by the Secretary of Health and Human Services pursuant to 21 CFR 1308.49. [4] [5]
The complete list of Schedule I substances is as follows. [1] The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number for each substance is included.
ACSCN | Drug |
---|---|
9319 | Acetorphine [7] [note 1] |
9051 | Acetyldihydrocodeine [7] [note 1] |
9052 | Benzylmorphine [7] [note 1] |
9070 | Codeine methylbromide [7] [note 1] |
9053 | Codeine-N-Oxide [7] [note 1] |
9054 | Cyprenorphine [7] [note 1] |
9055 | Desomorphine [7] [note 1] |
9145 | Dihydromorphine [7] [note 1] |
9335 | Drotebanol [32] |
9056 | Etorphine (except hydrochloride salt) [33] |
9200 | Heroin [7] [note 1] |
9301 | Hydromorphinol [7] [note 1] |
9302 | Methyldesorphine [7] [note 1] |
9304 | Methyldihydromorphine [7] [note 1] |
9305 | Morphine methylbromide [7] [note 1] |
9306 | Morphine methylsulfonate [7] [note 1] |
9307 | Morphine-N-Oxide [7] [note 1] |
9308 | Myrophine [7] [note 1] |
9309 | Nicocodeine [7] [note 1] |
9312 | Nicomorphine [7] [note 1] |
9313 | Normorphine [7] [note 1] |
9314 | Pholcodine [7] [note 1] |
9315 | Thebacon [7] [note 1] |
ACSCN | Drug |
---|---|
7249 | α-ET [34] |
7391 | 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine [35] |
7392 | 2C-B [36] |
7396 | 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA) [35] |
7399 | DOET [37] |
7348 | 2C-T-7 [38] |
7411 | 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) [35] |
7401 | 5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) [7] [note 1] |
7395 | 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DOM; STP) [7] [note 1] |
7400 | 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) [7] [note 1] |
7405 | 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) [39] |
7404 | 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA; MDE) |
7402 | N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-hydroxy MDA) |
7390 | 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) |
7431 | 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-methoxy-3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indole; 5-MeO-DMT) |
7432 | Alpha-methyltryptamine (αMT) |
7433 | Bufotenine |
7434 | Diethyltryptamine (DET) |
7435 | Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) |
7439 | 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), its isomers, salts and salts of isomers |
7260 | Ibogaine |
7315 | Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
7360 | Marijuana, including cannabis resin |
7350 | Marijuana extracts; cannabinoids [40] |
7381 | Mescaline |
7374 | Parahexyl |
7415 | Peyote |
7482 | N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate |
7484 | N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate |
7437 | Psilocybin |
7438 | Psilocin |
7370 | Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
7455 | Ethylamine analog of phencyclidine (Eticyclidine; PCE) |
7458 | Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine (PCPy) |
7470 | Thiophene analog of phencyclidine (TCP) |
7473 | 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]pyrrolidine (TCPy) |
1259 | 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) [41] |
1248 | 4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone) |
7535 | 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) |
7509 | 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E) |
7508 | 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D) |
7519 | 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C) |
7518 | 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-I) |
7385 | 2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2) |
7532 | 2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-4) |
7517 | 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H) |
7521 | 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl)ethanamine (2C-N) |
7524 | 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P) |
7540 | 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (methylone) |
ACSCN | Drug |
---|---|
2010 | gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB; sodium oxybate; sodium oxybutyrate) except formulations in an FDA-approved drug product are Schedule III |
2572 | Mecloqualone |
2565 | Methaqualone |
ACSCN | Drug |
---|---|
1585 | Aminorex (aminoxaphen; 2-amino-5-phenyl-2- oxazoline; or 4,5-dihydro-5-phenly-2-oxazolamine) |
7493 | N-benzylpiperazine (some other names: BZP; 1-benzylpiperazine), its optical isomers, salts and salts of isomers |
1235 | Cathinone |
1503 | Fenethylline |
1237 | Methcathinone (Some other names: 2-(methylamino)-propiophenone; alpha-(methylamino)propiophenone; 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one; alpha-N-methylaminopropiophenone; monomethylpropion; ephedrone; N-methylcathinone; methylcathinone; AL-464; AL-422; AL-463 and UR1432), its salts, optical isomers and salts of optical isomers |
1590 | (±)-cis-4-methylaminorex |
1475 | N-ethylamphetamine |
1480 | N,N-dimethylamphetamine (also known as N,N-alpha-trimethyl-benzeneethanamine; N,N-alpha-trimethylphenethylamine) |
7543 | N-Ethylpentylone (ephylone, N-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)-1-pentanone)) [42] |
7246 | N-Ethylhexedrone [43] (hexen) |
7544 | alpha-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP) [43] |
7551 | alpha-Pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (also known as α-PHiP; α-PiHP) [41] |
7245 | 4-Methyl-alpha-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP) [43] |
7446 | 4'-Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MPHP) [43] |
7548 | alpha-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone (PV8) [43] |
7443 | 4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (4-chloro-α-PVP) [43] |
1233 | 3-Fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC; 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one) |
1238 | 4-Fluoro-N-methylcathinone (4-FMC, flephedrone, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one) |
1246 | Pentedrone (α-methylaminovalerophenone, 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one) |
1249 | 4-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC, 2-(ethylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one) |
1258 | Naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone; 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one) |
7498 | 4-Methyl-alphapyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP, MePPP, 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone,1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propan-1-one) |
7541 | Butylone (bk-MBDB, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one) |
7542 | Pentylone (bk-MBDP, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one) |
7545 | alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, 1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one) |
7546 | alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (α-PBP, 1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butan-1-one) |
ACSCN | Drug |
---|---|
7297 | 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (CP-47,497) |
7298 | 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol or CP-47,497 C8-homolog) |
7118 | 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018 and AM678) |
7173 | 1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-073) |
7019 | 1-hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-019) |
7200 | 1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-200) |
6250 | 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (JWH-250) |
7081 | 1-pentyl-3-[1-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)]indole (JWH-081) |
7122 | 1-pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-122) |
7398 | 1-pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-398) |
7201 | 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (AM2201) |
7694 | 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole (AM694) |
7104 | 1-pentyl-3-[(4-methoxy)-benzoyl]indole (SR-19 and RCS-4) |
7008 | 1-cyclohexylethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole 7008 (SR-18 and RCS-8) |
7203 | 1-pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole (JWH-203) |
7144 | (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers (UR-144, 1-pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole) |
7011 | [1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers (5-fluoro-UR-144, 5-F-UR-144, XLR-11, 1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropoyl)indole) |
7048 | N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers (APINACA, AKB-48) |
7222 | Quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (QUPIC, PB-22) [44] |
7225 | Quinolin-8-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (5-fluoro-PB-22; 5F-PB-22) [44] |
7012 | N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) [44] |
7035 | N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-PINACA) [44] |
7031 | N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA) [45] |
7023 | N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) [45] |
7024 | [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (THJ-2201) [45] |
7034 | 2-(1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-ADB, 5F-MDMB-PINACA) [46] |
7033 | Methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate (5F-AMB) [46] |
7049 | N-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB48) [46] |
7010 | N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-FUBINACA) [46] |
7042 | Methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA, MMB-CHMINACA) [46] |
7020 | Methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-FUBINACA) [46] |
7032 | N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (MAB-CHMINACA; ADB-CHMINACA) [47] |
7036 | ethyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-EDMB-PINACA) [48] |
7041 | methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PICA) [48] |
7047 | N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (FUB-AKB48; FUB-APINACA; AKB48 N-(4-FLUOROBENZYL)) [48] |
7083 | 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-CUMYL-PINACA; SGT-25) [48] |
7014 | (1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl) methanone (FUB-144) [48] |
7021 | Methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1Hindazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate (FUB–AMB, MMB– FUBINACA, AMB–FUBINACA) |
7025 | 5F-AB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) |
7044 | MMB-CHMICA (AMB-CHMICA, methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate) |
7085 | 5F-CUMYL-P7AICA (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide) |
7089 | 4-CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA (1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, 4-cyano-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4-CN-CUMYL BINACA, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, SGT-78) |
7221 | NM-2201 (CBL2201, Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate) |
7027 | ADB-BUTINACA (N-[(2S)-1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) [41] |
Betahydroxythiofentanyl (β-hydroxythiofentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl.
ADB-FUBINACA (ADMB-FUBINACA) is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. In 2018, it was the third-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration.
AB-CHMINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.78 nM) and CB2 receptor (Ki = 0.45 nM) and fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in rat discrimination studies, while being 16x more potent. Continuing the trend seen in other cannabinoids of this generation, such as AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA, it contains a valine amino acid amide residue as part of its structure, where older cannabinoids contained a naphthyl or adamantane residue.
ADB-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that is an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.52 nM and 0.88 nM respectively. Like MDMB-FUBINACA, this compound incorporates the unnatural amino acid tert-leucine.
5F-ADB (also known as MDMB-5F-PINACA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-ADB is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. 5F-ADB was first identified in November 2014 from post-mortem samples taken from an individual who had died after using a product containing this substance. Subsequent testing identified 5F-ADB to have been present in a total of ten people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses in Japan between September 2014 and December 2014. 5F-ADB is believed to be extremely potent based on the very low levels detected in tissue samples, and appears to be significantly more toxic than earlier synthetic cannabinoid drugs that had previously been sold.
ADB-CHMINACA (also known as ADMB-CHMINACA and MAB-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor with a binding affinity of Ki = 0.289 nM and was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication. It was identified in cannabinoid blends in Japan in early 2015.
MDMB-FUBINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-Bz-F and FUB-MDMB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with Ki values of 1.14 nM at CB1 and 0.1228 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 0.2668 nM at CB1 and 0.1411 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug. Its benzyl analogue (instead of 4-fluorobenzyl) has been reported to be a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.14 nM, EC50 = 2.42 nM). The structure of MDMB-FUBINACA contains the amino acid, 3-methylvaline or tert-leucine methyl ester.
4-Fluorobutyrylfentanyl (also known as 4-FBF and p-FBF or para-fluorobutyrylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to 4-fluorofentanyl, which has an EC50 value of 4.2 nM for the human μ-opioid receptor.
FUB-144 (also known as FUB-UR-144) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analogue of UR-144 and XLR-11 where the pentyl chain has been replaced with fluorobenzyl.
FUB-APINACA (also known as A-FUBINACA according to the EMCCDA framework for naming synthetic cannabinoids and FUB-AKB48) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analog of APINACA and 5F-APINACA where the pentyl chain has been replaced with fluorobenzyl.
Isofentanyl (3-methyl-benzylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl first invented in 1973, and which has been sold as a designer drug.
5F-MDMB-PICA (MDMB-5F-PICA) is a designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid. In 2018, it was the fifth-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration.
5F-EDMB-PINACA is a designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid. In 2018, it was the fourth-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration.
MDMB-4en-PINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. MDMB-4en-PINACA was first identified in Europe in 2017. In 2021, MDMB-4en-PINACA was the most common synthetic cannabinoid identified by the Drug Enforcement Administration in the United States. MDMB-4en-PINACA differs from 5F-MDMB-PINACA due to replacement of 5-fluoropentyl with a pent-4-ene moiety (4-en).
4F-MDMB-BINACA (also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or 4F-ADB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA is an agonist of the CB1 receptor (EC50 = 7.39 nM), though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. In December 2019, the UNODC announced scheduling recommendations placing 4F-MDMB-BINACA into Schedule II throughout the world.
Thenylfentanyl is an analogue of fentanyl where the phenethylamine side-chain has been replaced by a thiophenylmethyl group. It was temporarily scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration in 1985, due to fears it would be used as a designer drug. But in 2010 the DEA acknowledged it was essentially inactive. Subsequently, the substance was since deregulated.