This is a list of solar telescopes built in various countries around the world. A solar telescope is a specialized telescope that is used to observe the Sun.
This list contains ground-based professional observatory telescopes at optical wavelengths in chronological order. Solar telescopes often have multiple focal lengths, and use a various combination of mirrors such as coelostats, lenses, and tubes for instruments including spectrographs, cameras, or coronagraphs. There are many types of instruments that have been designed to observe Earth's Sun, for example, in the 20th century solar towers were common.
Name/Observatory | Image | Aperture | Year(s) | Location | Country(s) | Note(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) | 400 cm | 2019– | Haleakalā, Maui, Hawaii, United States | United States | [1] [2] [3] [4] | |
Chinese Large Solar Telescope (CLST) | 180 cm | 2019– | Chengdu, Sichuan, China | China | First light 10 December 2019 [5] | |
GREGOR, Teide Observatory | 150 cm | 2012– | Tenerife, Spain | Germany | [6] | |
Goode Solar Telescope (GST), Big Bear Solar Observatory | 160 cm | 2008– | California, United States | United States | ||
New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), Yunnan Astronomical Observatory | 100 cm | 2010– | Yunnan, China | China | 100 cm vacuum solar telescope [7] | |
Andrei Severny Tower Solar Telescope, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory | 90 cm | 1954– | Crimea | |||
Multi-Purpose Automated Solar Telescope, Sayan Solar Observatory | 80 cm | Mondy, Republic of Buryatia, Russia | Russia | Located in the mountains at 2000m altitude. [8] | ||
Large Solar Vakuum Telescope, Baikal Astrophysical Observatory | 76 cm | 1980– | Irkutsk Oblast, Russia | Russia | Located on the Coast of Lake Baikal. [8] | |
Optical and Near-Infrared Solar Eruption Tracer (ONSET), School of Astronomy & Space Science, Nanjing University | 3x27,5 cm | 2010– | Nanjing, China | China | The ONSET consists of four tubes: (1) a near-infrared vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (2) a chromospheric vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (3) a WL vacuum tube, with an aperture of 20 cm and (4) a guiding tube. [9] | |
Bulgarian 15-cm Solar Coronagraph, [10] Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory Bulgaria | 100 cm | 2005– | Rozhen, Bulgaria | Bulgaria | ||
Swedish Solar Telescope (SST), Roque de los Muchachos Observatory | 100 cm | 2002– | La Palma, Spain | Sweden | [11] | |
Prairie View Solar Observatory (PVSO) [12] | 35 cm | 1999– | Texas, United States | United States | ||
Upgraded Coronal Multi-Channel Polarimeter (UCOMP) | 20 cm | 2021– | Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States | United States | ||
K-Coronagraph (K-COR) | 20 cm | 2013– | Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States | United States | ||
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT), Roque de los Muchachos Observatory | 45 cm | 1997– | La Palma, Spain | Netherlands | ||
THÉMIS Solar Telescope, Teide Observatory | 90 cm | 1996– | Tenerife, Spain | Italy and France | ||
Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT), Teide Observatory | 70 cm | 1989– | Tenerife, Spain | Germany | [13] | |
Hida Domeless Solar Telescope (ja) | 60 cm | 1979– | Takayama, Gifu, Japan | Japan | [14] | |
Udaipur Solar Observatory MAST Full Disk H-alpha Telescope H-alpha Spar Telescope Coudé Telescope | 50 cm 15 cm 25 cm 15 cm | 1976– | Udaipur, India | India | ||
Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST), Sacramento Peak | 76 cm | 1969– | Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, United States | United States | ||
Solar Observatory Tower Meudon | 60 cm | 1968– | Meudon, France | France | ||
McMath–Pierce solar telescope, KPO | 161 cm | 1961– | Arizona, United States | United States | Largest aperture optical and infrared solar telescope for nearly six decades | |
ARIES Observatory | 15 cm | 1961– | Nainital, India | India | ||
Solar Tunnel Telescope, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory | 61 cm (24 in) | 1958– | Kodaikanal, India | India | [15] | |
45-cm-Turmteleskop | 45 cm | 1943– | Schauinsland, Germany | Germany | ||
Gregory Coudé Telescope | 45 cm | 1959- | Locarno, Switzerland | Switzerland | Operated by the Universitäts-Sternwarte Göttingen until 1984 and by IRSOL after 1984. | |
Solar Tower Telescope by Zeiss | 45 cm | 1930– | Tokyo, Japan | Japan | [16] | |
Einsteinturm | 60 cm | 1924– | Potsdam, Germany | Germany | ||
150-foot tower, Mount Wilson Observatory | 35 cm (24") | 1912– | California, United States | United States | [1] | |
Snow Solar Telescope, Mount Wilson Observatory | 61 cm (24") | 1904– | California, United States | United States | First solar telescope [17] | |
Lerebour/Grubb-Parsons, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory | 20 cm | 1901– | Kodaikanal, India | India (1947- ) United Kingdom (1901–1950) | ||
Solar-T | 2x7.6 cm | 2016 | Antarctica | Brazil | [18] | |
Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope, Roque de los Muchachos Observatory | 47.5 cm | 1985–2000 | La Palma, Spain | Sweden | Replaced by the SST | |
Gregory Coude Telescope (GCT) | 45 cm [1] | 1984–2002 | Tenerife, Spain (1984–2002) | Germany | Replaced by GREGOR [19] [1] | |
Evans Solar Facility (ESF), Sacramento Peak | 40 cm | 1953–2014 | Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, United States | United States | [20] | |
Göttinger Sonnenturm (Solar Tower Telescope) | 2x15 cm 11 cm | 1942–2004 | Göttingen, Germany | Germany | 65 cm-Coelostat by Zeiss, feeding light into several small light paths in tower | |
McMath-Hulbert Observatory | 61 cm (24") | 1941–1979 | Michigan, United States | United States | Replaced the 10.5in in 1941 | |
50-foot tower, McMath-Hulbert Observatory | 40 cm | 1936–1979 | Michigan, United States | United States | ||
10.5 inch, McMath-Hulbert Observatory | 26.7 cm (10.5") | 1930–1941 | Michigan, United States | United States | Replaced by the 24 inch in 1941 | |
Arcetri Solar Tower, Arcetri Observatory | 37 cm | 1925-2006 | Arcetri, Italy | Italy | ||
Telescopes for the Sun have existed for hundreds of years, this list is not complete and only goes back to 1900.
Name/Observatory | Image | Aperture d. | Status | Location | Country(s) | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO) | 150 cm | proposed | United States | [21] | ||
National Large Solar Telescope (NLST) | 200 cm | proposed [22] | Merak Village, Ladakh, India | India | ||
Chinese Giant Solar Telescope (CGST) | 500–800 cm | planned | Western part of China | China | [23] | |
European Solar Telescope (EST) | 400+ cm | planned | Canary Islands | 15 European countries [24] | [25] | |
Name/Observatory | Image | Frequency range | Year(s) | Location | Country(s) | Note(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph (CSRH) | 0.4 - 2.0 Ghz 2.0 - 15 GHz | 2013 - | Inner Mongolia, China | China | 40x 4.5m dishes - low freq band 60x 2m dishes - high freq band Radio imaging-spectroscopy observations of the Sun in decimetric and centimetric wavelengths [26] | |
Nançay Radioheliographe (NRH), Nançay Radio Observatory | 150–450 MHz | Sologne, Centre-Val de Loire, France | France | [27] | ||
Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) | 1–18 GHz | Sologne, Centre-Val de Loire, France | France | Previously known as the Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) before getting an expansion to upgrade its control system and increase the total number of antennas to 15. [28] | ||
Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH), Nobeyama Radio Observatory | 17 and 34 GHz | Minamimaki, Nagano Prefecture, Japan | Japan | [29] | ||
Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters, Nobeyama Radio Observatory | 1, 2, 3.75, 9.4, 17, 35, and 80 GHz | Minamimaki, Nagano Prefecture, Japan | Japan | [30] | ||
Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) | 1983– | Republic of Buryatia, Russia | Russia | [31] | ||
Solar Submillimeter Telescope (SST), Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito | 212 and 405 GHz | 1999– | San Juan Province, Argentina | Argentina | SST is the only solar submillimeter telescope currently in operation. [32] | |
Polarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS), Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito | 45 and 90 GHz | 2011– | San Juan Province, Argentina | Argentina | ||
Bleien Radio Observatory | 10 MHz–5 GHz | 1979– | Gränichen, Switzerland | Switzerland | [33] | |
Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) | 245, 410, 610, 1415, 2695, 4975, 8800 and 15400 MHz | Australia; Italy; Massachusetts and Hawaii, United States | Australia, Italy, and United States | A series of four radio telescopes located at various locations around the world. [33] [34] | ||
Daocheng Solar Radio Telescope | 150-450 MHz | 2023- | Sichuan province | China | 313 parabolic antennas for detection of coronal mass ejection events. Operations started in 2023. [35] | |
Mingantu interplanetary scintillation telescope | 327 MHz and 654 MHz | 2023- | Inner Mongolia | China | interplanetary scintillation telescope, consists of three rotatable cylindrical antennas (140 metres by 40 metres each). [36] | |
There are much smaller commercial and/or amateur telescopes such as Coronado Filters from founder and designer David Lunt, bought by Meade Instruments in 2004 and sells SolarMax solar telescopes up to 8 cm [37] [38]
Most solar observatories observe optically at visible, UV, and near infrared wavelengths, but other things can be observed.
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occurs in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, meteoroids, asteroids, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the universe as a whole.
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysics, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed. Historically, observatories were as simple as containing an astronomical sextant or Stonehenge.
Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. The first detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was in 1933, when Karl Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories reported radiation coming from the Milky Way. Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission. These include stars and galaxies, as well as entirely new classes of objects, such as radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and masers. The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation, regarded as evidence for the Big Bang theory, was made through radio astronomy.
3C 273 is a quasar located at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Virgo. It was the first quasar ever to be identified and is the visually brightest quasar in the sky as seen from Earth, with an apparent visual magnitude of 12.9. The derived distance to this object is 749 megaparsecs. The mass of its central supermassive black hole is approximately 886 million times the mass of the Sun.
Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.
AU Microscopii is a young red dwarf star located 31.7 light-years away – about 8 times as far as the closest star after the Sun. The apparent visual magnitude of AU Microscopii is 8.73, which is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. It was given this designation because it is in the southern constellation Microscopium and is a variable star. Like β Pictoris, AU Microscopii has a circumstellar disk of dust known as a debris disk and at least two exoplanets, with the presence of an additional two planets being likely.
The Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) is a large radio telescope, with an antenna network located mainly in the Netherlands, and spreading across 7 other European countries as of 2019. Originally designed and built by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, it was first opened by Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands in 2010, and has since been operated on behalf of the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) partnership by ASTRON.
A solar telescope is a special purpose telescope used to observe the Sun. Solar telescopes usually detect light with wavelengths in, or not far outside, the visible spectrum. Obsolete names for Sun telescopes include heliograph and photoheliograph.
The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, nicknamed Tianyan, is a radio telescope located in the Dawodang depression (大窝凼洼地), a natural basin in Pingtang County, Guizhou, southwest China. FAST has a 500 m (1,600 ft) diameter dish constructed in a natural depression in the landscape. It is the world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope and the second-largest single-dish aperture, after the sparsely-filled RATAN-600 in Russia.
The Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO) is a division of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) and consists of three radio instruments located near Minamimaki, Nagano at an elevation of 1350m.
Arthur Edwin Covington was a Canadian physicist who made the first radio astronomy measurements in Canada. Through these he made the valuable discovery that sunspots generate large amounts of microwaves at the 10.7 cm wavelength, offering a simple all-weather method to measure and predict sunspot activity, and their associated effects on communications. The sunspot detection program has run continuously to this day.
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) is a German research institute. It is the successor of the Berlin Observatory founded in 1700 and of the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam (AOP) founded in 1874. The latter was the world's first observatory to emphasize explicitly the research area of astrophysics. The AIP was founded in 1992, in a re-structuring following the German reunification.
3C 286, also known by its position as 1328+307 or 1331+305, is a quasar at redshift 0.8493 with a radial velocity of 164,137 km/s. It is part of the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources.
The Xinjiang Qitai 110m Radio Telescope (QTT) is a planned radio telescope to be built in Qitai County in Xinjiang, China. Upon completion, which is scheduled for 2028, it will be the world's largest fully steerable single-dish radio telescope. It is intended to operate at 150 MHz to 115 GHz. The construction of the antenna project is under the leadership of the Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS) is a solar patrol system composed of two radio telescopes with superheterodyne circular polarization receivers at 45 and 90 GHz. Since their half power beam width is around 1.4°, they observe the full sun. The acquisition system allows to gather 100 values per second at both frequencies and polarizations, with a sensitivity of around 20 solar flux units (SFU) (1 SFU ≡ 104 Jy). The telescope saw first light in November 2011, and showed excellent performance during two years, when it observed many flares. Since November 2013 is stopped for repairing. The main interest of POEMAS is the observation of solar flares in a frequency range where there are very few detectors and fill the gap between microwaves observed with the Radio Solar Telescope Network (1 to 15.4 GHz) and submillimeter observations of the Solar Submillimeter Telescope (212 and 405 GHz). Moreover, POEMAS is the only current telescope capable of carrying on circular polarization solar flare observations at 90 GHz. (Although, in principle, ALMA band 3 may also observe at 90 GHz with circular polarization).
Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling plasma voids that are sometimes observed in the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, during solar flares. In solar physics, arcade refers to a bundle of coronal loops, and the prefix supra indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first described in 1999 using the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the Yohkoh satellite. SADs are byproducts of the magnetic reconnection process that drives solar flares, but their precise cause remains unknown.
The Nançay Radio Observatory, opened in 1956, is part of Paris Observatory, and also associated with the University of Orléans. It is located in the department of Cher in the Sologne region of France. The station consists of several instruments. Most iconic of these is the large decimetric radio telescope, which is one of the largest radio telescopes in the world. Long established are also the radio heliograph, a T-shaped array, and the decametric array operating at wavelengths between 3 m and 30 m.
Solar radio emission refers to radio waves that are naturally produced by the Sun, primarily from the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere called the chromosphere and corona, respectively. The Sun produces radio emissions through four known mechanisms, each of which operates primarily by converting the energy of moving electrons into electromagnetic radiation. The four emission mechanisms are thermal bremsstrahlung (braking) emission, gyromagnetic emission, plasma emission, and electron-cyclotron maser emission. The first two are incoherent mechanisms, which means that they are the summation of radiation generated independently by many individual particles. These mechanisms are primarily responsible for the persistent "background" emissions that slowly vary as structures in the atmosphere evolve. The latter two processes are coherent mechanisms, which refers to special cases where radiation is efficiently produced at a particular set of frequencies. Coherent mechanisms can produce much larger brightness temperatures (intensities) and are primarily responsible for the intense spikes of radiation called solar radio bursts, which are byproducts of the same processes that lead to other forms of solar activity like solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, also known as ASO-S, is a satellite mission aimed at improving observations of solar activity. The satellite was launched using the CZ-2D rocket at 07:43:55 local time on October 9, 2022. The satellite is a part of the Kuafu project, and is also unofficially known as Kuafu-1 (夸父一号).
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