Machlomovirus

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Machlomovirus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Tolucaviricetes
Order: Tolivirales
Family: Tombusviridae
Subfamily: Procedovirinae
Genus:Machlomovirus

Machlomovirus is a genus of plant viruses, in the family Tombusviridae . Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Maize chlorotic mottle virus [1] [2] (MCMV), which causes significant losses in maize production worldwide. [3] MCMV was first identified in the U.S. state of Kansas causing Maize lethal necrosis disease/MLN/corn lethal necrosis, a severe disease that negatively affects all stages of development for maize plants. [4]

Contents

Structure

Viruses in Machlomovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4–5.4kb in length. [1] [5]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
MachlomovirusIcosahedralT=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical, seed borne, and contact. [1] Even a small incidence of seed transmission is problematic: Although Kimani et al. 2021 finds MCMV to be almost incapable of successfully making the jump from contaminated seed to infecting a seedling, even a small infected proportion of a field will infect the entire field (via vector) unless quickly removed. [6]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
MachlomovirusPlantsNoneViral movement; mechanical inoculationViral movementCytoplasmCytoplasmMechanical: contact; seed

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<i>Tombusviridae</i> Family of viruses

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<i>Tobamovirus</i> Genus of viruses

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<i>Benyvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Benyvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Benyviridae. Plant serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: BNYVV: rhizomania.

Sadwavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three subgenera and five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: satsuma dwarf virus disease which causes spoon-shaped leaves on citrus tree. Symptoms are enations, multiple flushing, stunting or dwarfing, reduction in number and size of leaves and fruits. The name of this genus comes from one of its species: Satsuma dwarf virus.

<i>Sobemovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Sobemovirus is a genus of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 20 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaics and mottles.

<i>Carlavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Carlavirus, formerly known as the "Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

<i>Trichovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Trichovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants, specifically angiosperms such as pome fruits, citrus, and pear, serve as natural hosts for this plant pathogen. There are seven species in this genus.

Ipomovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted by whiteflies. The name of the genus is derived from Ipomoea – the generic name of sweet potato. There are seven species in this genus.

Maize lethal necrosis disease is a viral disease affecting maize (corn) predominantly in East Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, which was recognised in 2010. It is caused by simultaneous infection with two viruses, MCMoV and any of several Potyviridae.

Aureusvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus.

Avenavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Oat chlorotic stunt virus.

Badnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caulimoviridae order Ortervirales. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 67 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: CSSV: leaf chlorosis, root necrosis, red vein banding in young leaves, small mottled pods, and stem/root swelling followed by die-back. Infection decreases yield by 25% within one year, 50% within two years and usually kills trees within 3–4 years.

Foveavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are eight species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

Polerovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Solemoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 26 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: PLRV causes prominent rolling of the leaves of potato and a stiff upright habit of the plants; necrosis of the phloem and accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves.

Torradovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: torrado disease: severe necrosis of leaves and fruits.

<i>Tymovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Tymovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Tymoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 28 species in this genus.

Waikavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae. Plants, poaceae, cyperaceae, and gramineae serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: MCDV: plant stunting and chlorotic striping of tertiary leaf veins in maize.

Alphanecrovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.

Gallantivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Galinsoga mosaic virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: chlorotic or necrotic local lesions, systemic mosaic; leaf malformation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  3. ↑ Wu, J. X.; Wang, Q; Liu, H; Qian, Y. J.; Xie, Y; Zhou, X. P. (2013). "Monoclonal antibody-based serological methods for maize chlorotic mottle virus detection in China". Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 14 (7): 555–62. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1200275. PMC   3709059 . PMID   23825140.
  4. ↑ Niblett, C. L.; Claflin, L. E. (1978). "Corn lethal necrosis - a new virus disease of corn in Kansas". Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (1): 15–19.
  5. ↑ Nutter, R. C.; Scheets, K; Panganiban, L. C.; Lommel, S. A. (1989). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the maize chlorotic mottle virus genome". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (8): 3163–77. doi:10.1093/nar/17.8.3163. PMC   317721 . PMID   2726455.
  6. ↑ Prasanna, B. M., ed. (2021). Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN): A Technical Manual for Disease Management. CDMX: CIMMYT.
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