Pakistani Canadians

Last updated

Pakistani Canadians
Canadiens d'origine pakistanaise (French)
Urdu: پاکستانی کینیڈین
31 Gerrard Street, Toronto.jpg
Toronto’s Gerrard St. East, also known as Little Pakistan
Total population
303,260 [1] (0.81%)
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Ontario.svg  Ontario 212,650
Flag of Alberta.svg  Alberta 39,535
Flag of Quebec.svg  Quebec 16,645
Flag of British Columbia.svg  British Columbia 19,050
Languages
L1 : English, French
L2 : Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi [2] [3]
Religion
Majority:
Sunni Islam
Minority:
Shi'a Islam, Twelvers, Ismaili, Ahmadiyya, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, and Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Pashtun Canadians, Pakistani diaspora, Muslim Canadians

Pakistani Canadian refers to the community in Canada of Pakistani heritage or descent. It can also refer to people who hold dual Pakistani and Canadian citizenship. Categorically, Pakistani Canadians comprise a subgroup of South Asian Canadians which is a further subgroup of Asian Canadians.

Contents

Terminology

There is no official classification of Pakistani Canadians. However, they are usually defined by Asian or South Asian.

History

Historical population
YearPop.±%
2001 74,015—    
2006 124,730+68.5%
2011 155,310+24.5%
2016 215,555+38.8%
2021 303,260+40.7%

Punjabi people from the Punjab region that would later become Pakistan were among the pioneers who migrated from British India to British Columbia at the turn of the century. By 1905, as many as 200 participated in the building of that first community from modern-day Pakistan, which for a time had a small makeshift mosque in Vancouver. But most of these immigrants were sojourners rather than settlers, and they either returned to Pakistan in 1947 or moved on to the United States. Subsequently, Canada imposed a ban on South Asian immigration that remained in place until after World War II.[ citation needed ]

Pakistanis began migrating to Canada in small numbers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Immigration regulations gave preference to those with advanced education and professional skills, and the Pakistanis who came during this period, and throughout the 1960s, generally had excellent credentials. Many of them considered themselves to be sojourners, who had come to earn but not to settle or were students who intended to return home when their degree programs were completed. While some went back, others remained to become the founding members of the Pakistani-Canadian community. [4]

Pakistani nationals were registered in undergraduate and graduate programs at McGill University in Montreal as early as 1949, and at the University of Toronto from 1958 on. By the mid-1950s, there were five or six Pakistani families living in Montreal in addition to the students. This was probably the then largest concentration of Pakistanis in the country. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s most who arrived were young men pursuing graduate or professional studies.[ citation needed ]

Pakistanis have integrated well into Canadian society, partly due to the Canadian Government's policies and assistance given to all immigrants settling in the country. [5]

Demography

Religion

Most Pakistani Canadians are Muslims. [6] Religion figures prominently in the lives of Pakistani Canadian families. The majority of Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect of Islam; [7] Pakistani Canadians also participate in and contribute to the larger Islamic community, which includes Arab Canadians, Iranian Canadians, Turkish Canadians, and Asian Canadians. [8]

Islamic Pakistani Canadians have played important roles in many organizations, including:

Language

Most Pakistani Canadians speak English or French. However, many also speak a second or third language, as they often tend to keep hold of their native tongues, which includes Urdu, Punjabi. [17] [18]

Geographical distribution

Provinces

Provinces With Significant Population of Pakistani Canadians (2001 - 2021) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
Province200120112021
Flag of Ontario.svg Ontario 52,830109,295212,650
Flag of Alberta.svg  Alberta 5,45017,82539,535
Flag of Quebec.svg  Quebec 7,99012,47016,645
Flag of British Columbia.svg  British Columbia 6,2709,77019,050
Flag of Saskatchewan.svg  Saskatchewan 4953,1957,640
Flag of Manitoba.svg  Manitoba 5651,8105,030
Flag of Nova Scotia.svg  Nova Scotia 3054901,285

Figures from the 2021 Canadian Census from StatsCan indicate that there are 303,260 Canadians who claim Pakistani ancestry. [24]

Metropolitan Areas

Metro Regions With Significant Population of Pakistani Canadians (2001 - 2021) [19] [20] [21] [22]
City200120112021
Flag of Ontario.svg Toronto 43,03590,610162,710
Flag of Alberta.svg Calgary 3,45510,45024,050
Flag of Quebec.svg Montreal 7,89012,22016,060
Flag of British Columbia.svg Vancouver 5,6808,86515,765
Flag of Alberta.svg Edmonton 1,7455,48012,765
Flag of Ontario.svg Hamilton 2,0553,7058,820
Flag of Ontario.svg Ottawa 2,2553,9107,885
Flag of Ontario.svg Kitchener-Cambridge Waterloo 1,0453,2108,015
Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Saskatoon 2551,7054,150
Flag of Manitoba.svg Winnipeg 5601,5904,660
Flag of Ontario.svg Oshawa 4801,2256,965
Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Regina 2201,3302,940
Flag of Ontario.svg London 6651,0103,850

Local municipalities

There were 162,710 Pakistani-Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area per the 2021 Census, making it home to one of the largest Pakistani diaspora communities in North America. [25] [26] Per the 2021 Census, there were 41,705 Pakistani-Canadians residing within the actual city of Toronto; [27] the majority of the community is concentrated throughout the suburbs of the GTA.

There are 41,025 Pakistani-Canadians residing in Mississauga per the 2021 Census, comprising 5.76% of the City's population. [28] This is up from 27,345 recorded in the 2011 Census. [29] Urdu is the 2nd most common reported mother tongue after English, and there are 55,765 speakers in Mississauga. [30]

Pakistani-Canadians made up 3.81% of the population of Milton in 2011, [31] per the 2021 census this number has tripled to 12.88%, making it one of the fastest growing Pakistani communities in the nation. [32] Urdu is the 2nd most common reported mother tongue, with 19,830 speakers per the 2021 Census. [33]

There are 10,825 Pakistani Canadians living in Metro Vancouver per the 2016 Census. [34] Most Pakistanis who live in Metro Vancouver reside in areas such as Surrey, which has 5,565 Pakistani Canadian residents per the 2016 Census. [35]

Culture

Lifestyle and economics

Many Pakistanis have used an adaptation technique, and are accustomed to a bicultural lifestyle. At home they live as traditional a life as possible. The old values and hierarchical decision-making patterns are generally respected, and traditional clothing, food, decorations, and language provide the warmth and reassurance of the familiar. [36] Pakistani Canadians who are members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes. [37] Those who came to Canada from Pakistan via East Africa or the Gulf are more likely to be involved in business. A number of Pakistani Canadians are also traders and are primarily involved in exporting and importing goods to and from Pakistan. A number of Pakistani-Canadian businessmen and companies have participated in this development. [37]

An important aspect of Pakistani participation in the Canadian economy has been the increasing number of Pakistani-Canadian women who work outside the home. [38] The experience of Pakistani-Canadian women varies, from educated women with large social and economic freedom, to those separated in the community from traditional gender roles. [38] Still, Pakistanis have shifted towards more freedom for Pakistani-Canadian women, including later marriages, more liberal attire, and greater social and economic freedom. [38]

Young people who were born in Canada or brought as children share a particular set of issues and concerns with their parents and the wider Pakistani-Canadian community. Their perspective regarding adaptation and integration is generally not informed by significant direct experience of the culture and values of the homeland, and, as a result, parents and grandparents take on a mediating role. They have to decide what aspects of their traditional lifestyle and values must be left behind and what can be transferred to and re-established in their new home. Most significantly, they generally assume the responsibility for making these choices for their children as well. The family – even in its truncated form in the diaspora – is both the base for substantial cultural transfer and the source of intergenerational conflict. [38]

Community and media

The Toronto Pakistan Day Event is a small scale event held on Pakistan Day to celebrate Pakistani culture. [39] A number of Canadian television networks broadcast programming that features Pakistani-Canadian culture. These television shows often highlight Pakistani-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from Pakistan involving Pakistanis who reside there, for example, The Voice of Pakistan – Vision TV (since 1971).

Relations with Pakistan

Pakistan International Airlines serves Toronto's Lester B. Pearson International Airport three times a week non-stop to Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad and has been one of the most profitable routes in the entire network. [40]

Politics

Embassy of Pakistan in Ottawa Pakistan, Ottawa.jpg
Embassy of Pakistan in Ottawa

Canadians of Pakistani origin

Wajid Khan and Rahim Jaffer were members of the House of Commons of Canada. Wajid Khan represented the riding of Mississauga—Streetsville district of Ontario as a Conservative Member of Parliament [41] while Rahim Jaffer was a Conservative Member of Parliament for the Edmonton—Strathcona district of Alberta. [42] Currently there are two Pakistani-Canadian women serving in the 42nd Canadian Parliament: Iqra Khalid representing Mississauga-Erin Mills [43] and Salma Zahid representing Scarborough Centre. [44] Both women are Liberal Members of Parliament elected to seats in Ontario. Pakistani Canadians can also be found in the provincial legislatures as well as on municipal councils.

Salma Ataullahjan, [45] a Toronto artist and community activist, [46] was named a Canadian Senator by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, on 9 July 2010, and will sit with the Conservative caucus. With this appointment, Ataullahjan became the first Canadian senator of Pakistani Pushtun descent.

Shafiq Qaadri is a family doctor and politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Etobicoke North for the Ontario Liberal Party. [47] [48] [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brampton</span> City in Ontario, Canada

Brampton is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and is a lower-tier municipality within Peel Region. The city has a population of 656,480 as of the 2021 Census, making it the ninth most populous municipality in Canada and the third most populous city in the Greater Golden Horseshoe urban area, behind Toronto and Mississauga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oakville, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Oakville is a town in Halton Region, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Lake Ontario between Toronto and Hamilton. At its 2021 census population of 213,759, it is Ontario's largest town. Oakville is part of the Greater Toronto Area, one of the most densely populated areas of Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Toronto Area</span> Metropolitan area in Ontario, Canada

The Greater Toronto Area, commonly referred to as the GTA, includes the City of Toronto and the regional municipalities of Durham, Halton, Peel, and York. In total, the region contains 25 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities. The Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington in Halton Region to the west, and extends along Lake Ontario past downtown Toronto eastward to Clarington in Durham Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden Horseshoe</span> Secondary region in Ontario, Canada

The Golden Horseshoe is a secondary region of Southern Ontario, Canada, which lies at the western end of Lake Ontario, with outer boundaries stretching south to Lake Erie and north to Lake Scugog, Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. The region is the most densely populated and industrialized in Canada. Based on the 2021 census, with a population of 7,759,635 people in its core and 9,765,188 in its greater area, the Golden Horseshoe accounts for over 20 percent of the population of Canada and more than 54 percent of Ontario's population. It is part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, itself part of the Great Lakes megalopolis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brampton West (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Brampton West is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. Its population was 170,422 in 2006- making it the most populous riding in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Etobicoke North (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Etobicoke North is a federal electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that has been represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. It covers the neighbourhood of Rexdale, in the northern part of the Etobicoke district of Toronto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asian Canadians</span>

South Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent, which includes the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Brampton Centre is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that is represented in the House of Commons of Canada. This riding was created in 1996 from parts of Brampton riding and in 2013, Elections Canada redistributed 3 ridings in the city of Brampton to bring back Brampton Centre. This was primarily due to large population increases in the Greater Toronto Area, and Peel Region in particular.

The demographics of Toronto, Ontario, Canada make Toronto one of the most multicultural and multiracial cities in the world. In 2021, 57.0 percent of the residents of the metropolitan area belonged to a visible minority group, compared with 51.4 percent in 2016, and 13.6 percent in 1981. Toronto also has established ethnic neighbourhoods such as the multiple Chinatowns, Corso Italia, Little Italy, Little India, Greektown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal, Little Malta, Roncesvalles (Polish), and Bloor West Village (Ukrainian), all of which celebrate the city's multiculturalism. Data from the suburban municipalities are also included for some metrics as most of these municipalities are part of the Toronto CMA.

Foreign-born people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

The demographics of Metro Vancouver indicate a multicultural and multiracial region. Metro Vancouver is a metropolitan area, with its major urban centre being Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Vancouver census metropolitan area, as defined by Statistics Canada, encompasses roughly the same territory as the Metro Vancouver Regional District, a regional district in British Columbia. The regional district includes 23 local authorities. Figures provided here are for the Vancouver census metropolitan area and not for the City of Vancouver.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Ontario</span>

Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Canada</span> Religious community

Sikhismin Canada has nearly 800,000 adherents who account for 2.1% of Canada's population as of 2021, forming the country's fastest-growing and fourth-largest religious group. The largest Sikh populations in Canada are found in Ontario, followed by British Columbia and Alberta. As of the 2021 Census, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: Brampton (163,260), Surrey (154,415), Calgary (49,465), and Edmonton (41,385).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indo-Canadians</span> Community of Canadians of Indian descent or with Indian citizenship

Indo-Canadians or Indian Canadians, are Canadians who have ancestry from India. The term East Indian is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the Indigenous peoples of Canada. Categorically, Indo-Canadians comprise a subgroup of South Asian Canadians which is a further subgroup of Asian Canadians. According to Statistics Canada, Indians are one of the fastest growing communities in Canada and one of the largest non-European ethnic groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Ottawa</span>

In 2021, the population of the city of Ottawa was 1,017,449. The population of the census metropolitan area, Ottawa-Gatineau, was 1,488,307.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brampton East (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Brampton East is a federal electoral district in Ontario. It encompasses a portion of Ontario previously included in the electoral districts of Bramalea—Gore—Malton and Brampton—Springdale.

South Asian Canadians in Metro Vancouver are the third-largest pan-ethnic group in the region, comprising 369,295 persons or 14.2 percent of the total population as of 2021. Sizable communities exist within the city of Vancouver along with the adjoining city of Surrey, which houses one of the world's largest South Asian enclaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Asian Canadians in British Columbia</span>

The South Asian community in British Columbia was first established in 1897. The first immigrants originated from Punjab, British India, a northern region and state in modern-day India and Pakistan. Punjabis originally settled in rural British Columbia at the turn of the twentieth century, working in the forestry and agricultural industries.

South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area form 19% of the region's population, numbering 1.1 million as of 2021. Comprising the largest visible minority group in the region, Toronto is the destination of over half of the immigrants coming from India to Canada, and India is the single largest source of immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area. South Asian Canadians in the region also include significant Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, and Nepalis, all representing several different ethnolinguistic backgrounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Greater Vancouver</span> Religious community

Sikhism in Greater Vancouver is one of the main religions across the region, especially among the Indo-Canadian population. The Sikh community in Vancouver is the oldest, largest and most influential across Canada, having begun in the late 19th century.

References

  1. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]".
  2. ↑ "Census Stirs Urdu-Punjabi Languages Clash Within Pakistani Community". HuffPost. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  3. ↑ "Canadian authorities requested to include Urdu, Punjabi Shahmukhi in Canadian census – Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  4. ↑ "Loss of security alarms Pakistani Canadian". Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2011. Alt URL Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ The Muslim Community in North America. p. 133.
  6. ↑ "2014 World Population Data" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  7. ↑ The Muslim community in North America . Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  8. ↑ "96F0030XIE2001015 – Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  9. ↑ "Welcome To Anjuman-E-Burhani (Toronto) Website". torontojamat.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  10. ↑ "Canadian Islamic Congress -". Canadian Islamic Congress. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  11. ↑ "The American Muslim (TAM)". www.theamericanmuslim.org. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "Home – ISNA". ISNA. Archived from the original on 17 October 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  13. ↑ canada, Muslim Association of. "MAC – Home". www.macnet.ca. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  14. ↑ "The MCC Mission". muslimcanadiancongress.info. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014.
  15. ↑ Muslim Student Association of Canada Archived 4 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ahmadyya Muslim Community "Muslim Canadian Congress". Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  16. ↑ "MSA National". MSA National. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  17. ↑ "Census Stirs Urdu-Punjabi Languages Clash Within Pakistani Community". HuffPost. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  18. ↑ "Canadian authorities requested to include Urdu, Punjabi Shahmukhi in Canadian census – Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  19. 1 2 "Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 21 January 2003. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  20. 1 2 "Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  21. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  22. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  23. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  24. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  25. ↑ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED ETHNIC GROUP". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 10 July 2022. the entire states of New York and Texas have 77,352 and 74,712 residents of Pakistani origin respectively, and there are 122,950 just in the GTA alone (see additional source in footnote 8 and table above).
  26. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  27. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto, City (C) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Mississauga, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Milton [Population centre], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  28. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto, City (C) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Mississauga, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Milton [Population centre], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  29. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  30. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Mississauga, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  31. ↑ "NHS Profile, Milton, T, Ontario, 2011". Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2017.. Source says 3185 out of 83575 are of Pakistani origin this works out to 3.81%.
  32. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto, City (C) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Mississauga, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Milton [Population centre], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  33. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (9 February 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Milton, Town (T) [Census subdivision], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  34. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  35. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  36. ↑ Saleem A, Steadman KJ, Fejzic, J (5 August 2020). "Utilisation of Healthcare Services and Medicines by Pakistani Migrants Residing in High Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 21 (5): 1157–1180. doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0840-4. PMID   30499044. S2CID   53979154.
  37. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples . Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  38. 1 2 3 4 "Community Life and Family and Kinship | Multicultural Canada". Multiculturalcanada.ca. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  39. ↑ Canada, Employment and Social Development (14 August 2013). "Minister Kenney issues statement recognizing Pakistan Independence Day". www.canada.ca.
  40. ↑ "Pakistan International Airlines – Home". Piac.com.pk. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  41. ↑ "Wajid Khan – Mississauga-Streetsville". Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  42. ↑ "Rahim Jaffer – Edmonton-Strathcona". Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  43. ↑ "Profile – Khalid, Iqra". lop.parl.ca. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  44. ↑ "Profile – Zahid, Salma". lop.parl.ca. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  45. ↑ "Salma Ataullahjan" Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Toronto Star
  46. ↑ "PM appoints new senator before crucial budget vote" Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine , Toronto Star, 9 July 2010
  47. ↑ "Etobicoke North: Summary of valid votes cast for each candidate". Elections Ontario. 2 October 2003. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
  48. ↑ "McGuinty Government Working To Reduce Injury in Ontario". Ottawa: Canada NewsWire. 23 August 2007. p. 1.
  49. ↑ "In Brief". South Asian Focus. Brampton, Ontario. 13 December 2011. p. 1.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.