Penaeus monodon

Last updated

Penaeus monodon
CSIRO ScienceImage 2992 The Giant Tiger Prawn.jpg
CSIRO ScienceImage 2836 A Tiger Prawn.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Dendrobranchiata
Family: Penaeidae
Genus: Penaeus
Species:
P. monodon
Binomial name
Penaeus monodon
Fabricius, 1798
Synonyms   [1]
  • Penaeus carinatusDana, 1852
  • Penaeus tahitensisHeller, 1862
  • Penaeus coeruleusStebbing, 1905
  • Penaeus bubulusKubo, 1949

Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn, [1] [2] Asian tiger shrimp, [3] [4] black tiger shrimp, [5] [6] and other names, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.

Contents

Tiger prawns displayed in a supermarket Tiger Prawns @ U.A.E.jpg
Tiger prawns displayed in a supermarket

Taxonomy

Penaeus monodon was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked until 1949, when Lipke Holthuis clarified to which species it referred. [7] Holthuis also showed that P. monodon had to be the type species of the genus Penaeus . [7]

Description

Females can reach about 33 cm (13 in) long, but are typically 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and weigh 200–320 g (7–11 oz); males are slightly smaller at 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long and weighing 100–170 g (3.5–6.0 oz). [1] The carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with alternative red and white. The antennae are grayish brown. Brown pereiopods and pleopods are present with fringing setae in red. [8]

Distribution

Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and northern Australia. [9]

It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico [4] and the Atlantic Ocean off the Southern U.S. [10]

Invasive species

The first occurrence of P. monodon in the U.S. was in November 1988. Close to 300 shrimp were captured off the Southeastern shore after an accidental release from an aquaculture facility. This species can now be caught in waters from Texas to North Carolina. Although P. monodon has been an invasive species for many years, it has yet to grow large, established populations. [11] Escapes in other parts of the world, though, have led to established P. monodon populations, such as off West Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean. [12] [13]

Habitat

P. monodon is suited to inhabit a multitude of environments. [14] They mainly occur in Southeastern Asia, but are widely found. [14] Juveniles of P. monodon are generally found in sandy estuaries and mangroves, and upon adulthood, they move to deeper waters (0– 110 m) and live on muddy or rocky bottoms. [15] The P. monodon has shown to be nocturnal in the wild, burrowing into substrate during the day, and coming out at night to feed. [16] P. monodon typically feed on detritus, polychaete worms, mollusks, and small crustaceans. [16] [17] They feed on algae, as well. Due to their nutrient-rich diet, these shrimp are unable to consume phytoplankton because of their feeding appendages, but they are able to consume senescent phytoplankton. [18] They also commence mating at night, and can produce around 800,000 eggs. [14]

Aquaculture

P. monodon is the second-most widely cultured prawn species in the world, after only whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In 2009, 770,000 tonnes were produced, with a total value of US$3,650,000,000. [1] P. monodon makes up nearly 50% of cultured shrimp alone. [19]

The prawn is popular to culture because of its tolerance to salinity and very quick growth rate, [11] but they are very vulnerable to fungal, viral, and bacterial infections. [20] Diseases such as white spot disease and yellowhead disease have led to a great economic impact in shrimp industries around the globe. [21] They can receive transmitted diseases from other crustaceans such as the Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), which is susceptible to yellowhead disease and has shown to transmit it to P. monodon in Thailand. [22]

Black tiger shrimp's susceptibility to many diseases engenders economic constraints towards the black tiger shrimp food industry in Australia, which is farm-raised. To confront such challenges, attempts have been made to selectively breed specific pathogen-resistant lines of the species. [23]

P. monodon has been farmed throughout the world, including West Africa, Hawaii, Tahiti, and England. [12] For optimal growth, P. monodon is raised in waters between 28 and 33 °C. Characteristically for the Penaeus genus, P. monodon has a natural ability to survive and grow in a wide range of salinity, though its optimal salinity is around 15-25 g/L. [24] While in a farm setting, the shrimp are typically fed a compound diet, which is produced in dried pellets. [17] By mixing the diet to have compound feeds and fresh feed, P. monodon was shown to have better reproductive performance. [17]

Sustainable consumption

In 2010, Greenpeace added P. monodon to its seafood red list – "a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries". The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms, and significant human-rights abuses". [25]

Genetic research

In an effort to understand whether DNA repair processes can protect crustaceans against infection, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by P. monodon. [26] Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate homologous recombinational repair. Another, less accurate process, microhomology-mediated end joining, is also used to repair such breaks.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dendrobranchiata</span> Suborder of prawns

Dendrobranchiata is a suborder of decapods, commonly known as prawns. There are 540 extant species in seven families, and a fossil record extending back to the Devonian. They differ from related animals, such as Caridea and Stenopodidea, by the branching form of the gills and by the fact that they do not brood their eggs, but release them directly into the water. They may reach a length of over 330 millimetres (13 in) and a mass of 450 grams (1.0 lb), and are widely fished and farmed for human consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whiteleg shrimp</span> Species of crustacean

Whiteleg shrimp, also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a species of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian prawn</span> Species of crustacean

The Indian prawn is one of the major commercial prawn species of the world. It is found in the Indo-West Pacific from eastern and south-eastern Africa, through India, Malaysia and Indonesia to southern China and northern Australia. Adult shrimp grow to a length of about 22 cm (9 in) and live on the seabed to depths of about 90 m (300 ft). The early developmental stages take place in the sea before the larvae move into estuaries. They return to the sea as sub-adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine shrimp farming</span> Aquaculture of shrimp or prawns

Marine shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Although traditional shrimp farming has been carried out in Asia for centuries, large-scale commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million tonnes in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico are the largest producers. The largest exporting nation is India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowhead disease</span> Viral infection caused by Yellow Head Virus

Yellowhead disease (YHD) is a viral infection of shrimp and prawn, in particular of the giant tiger prawn, one of the two major species of farmed shrimp. The disease is caused by the Yellow head virus genotype 1 (YHV1), a positive-strand RNA virus related to coronaviruses and arteriviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freshwater prawn farming</span> Aquaculture of shrimp or prawns

A freshwater prawn farm is an aquaculture business designed to raise and produce freshwater prawns or shrimp for human consumption. Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, and many of the same problems as, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental life cycle of the main species.

White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world.

Taura syndrome (TS) is one of the more devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide. It was first described in Ecuador during the summer of 1992. In March 1993, it returned as a major epidemic and was the object of extensive media coverage. Retrospective studies have suggested a case of Taura syndrome might have occurred on a shrimp farm in Colombia as early as 1990 and the virus was already present in Ecuador in mid-1991. Between 1992 and 1997, the disease spread to all major regions of the Americas where whiteleg shrimp is cultured. The economic impact of TS in the Americas during that period might have exceeded US$2 billion by some estimates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp farming</span>

Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business that exists in either a marine or freshwater environment, producing shrimp or prawns for human consumption.

<i>Penaeus</i> Genus of crustaceans

Penaeus is a genus of prawns, including the giant tiger prawn, the most important species of farmed crustacean worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in China</span>

China, with one-fifth of the world's population, accounts for two-thirds of the world's reported aquaculture production.

<i>Penaeus esculentus</i> Species of crustacean

Penaeus esculentus is a species of prawn which is widely fished for consumption around Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in South Korea</span>

South Korea is a major center of aquaculture production, and the world's third largest producer of farmed algae as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp</span> Decapod crustaceans

A shrimp is a crustacean with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eyestalk ablation</span> The removal of one or both eyestalks from a crustacean

Eyestalk ablation is the removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyestalks from a crustacean. It is routinely practiced on female shrimps in almost every marine shrimp maturation or reproduction facility in the world, both research and commercial. The aim of ablation under these circumstances is to stimulate the female shrimp to develop mature ovaries and spawn.

Aquaculture in Madagascar started to take off in the 1980s. The industry includes the cultivation of sea cucumbers, seaweed, fish and shrimp and is being used to stimulate the country's economy, increase the wages of fishermen and women, and improve the regions ocean water quality. Coastal regions of Madagascar are reliant on the Indian Ocean's marine resources as a source of food, income, and cultural identity.

ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak also called as ICAR-CIFE Rohtak is one of the regional research and education campus of the Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), which is a Deemed to be University and institution of higher learning for fisheries science.

<i>Penaeus semisulcatus</i> Species of crustacean

Penaeus semisulcatus, the green tiger prawn or grooved tiger prawn, is a commercially important species of prawn in the genus Penaeus.

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) is a group of viruses in the family Parvoviridae with single-stranded DNA containing genomes that infects shrimp, prawn and other crustacean populations. HPV infects the epithelial cells of the host's hepatopancreas and midgut, leading to the stunted growth at the early life stage. For shrimp farms, especially in Asian countries such as China, India and Indonesia, HPV can lead to economic losses in aquaculture due to the reduced production.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Species Fact Sheets: Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798)". FAO Species Identification and Data Programme (SIDP). FAO . Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  2. ↑ "Giant Tiger Prawn". Sea Grant Extension Project. Louisiana State University . Retrieved 2013-09-24.
  3. ↑ "Penaeus monodon". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. United States Geological Survey. 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
  4. 1 2 Tresaugue, Matthew (2011-12-24). "Giant shrimp raises big concern as it invades the Gulf". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2013-09-24.
  5. ↑ Maheswarudu, G. (2016). "Experimental culture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 in open sea floating cage". Indian Journal of Fisheries. 63 (2). doi: 10.21077/ijf.2016.63.2.46459-06 .
  6. ↑ "Exporting frozen cultured black tiger shrimp to Europe". Center for the Promotion of Imports . Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  7. 1 2 L. B. Holthuis (1949). "The identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr" (PDF). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 52 (9): 1051–1057.
  8. ↑ Motoh, H (1981). "Studies on the fisheries biology of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon in the Philippines" (7). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. hdl:10862/860.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ L. B. Holthuis (1980). "Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon". Shrimps and Prawns of the World. An Annotated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 50. ISBN   92-5-100896-5.
  10. ↑ NOAA Fisheries. "Invasion of Asian Tiger Shrimp in Southeast U.S. Waters". www.nmfs.noaa.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  11. 1 2 Knott, D.M., P.L. Fuller, A.J. Benson, and M.E. Neilson, 2019, Penaeus monodon: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL
  12. 1 2 Fuller, Pam; Knott, David; Kingsley-Smith, Peter; Morris, James; Buckel, Christine; Hunter, Margaret; Hartman, Leslie (March 2014). "Invasion of Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico". Aquatic Invasions. 9 (1): 59–70. doi: 10.3391/ai.2014.9.1.05 .
  13. ↑ Sahel and West Africa Club (2006) Exploring Economic Opportunities in Sustainable Shrimp Farming in West Africa: Focus on South-South Cooperation. Meeting Report. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Accessed 29 May 2013)
  14. 1 2 3 Motoh, H. (1985). Biology and ecology of Penaeus monodon. In Taki Y., Primavera J. H. and Llobrera J. A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, 4–7 December 1984, Iloilo City, Philippines (pp. 27-36). Iloilo City, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. hdl : 10862/874
  15. ↑ FAO-FIRA, 2010. "Giant Tiger Prawn Home" (On-line). Accessed April 15, 2019 at http://affris.org/giant_tiger_prawn/overview.php Archived 2013-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
  16. 1 2 Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Penaeus monodon. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Text by Kongkeo, H. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 29 July 2005. [Cited 15 April 2019].
  17. 1 2 3 Chimsung, Noppawan (2014). "Maturation diets for black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) broodstock: a review" (PDF). Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology. 36 (3): 265–273. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.1085.7574 .
  18. ↑ Burford, Michele Astrid; Hiep, Le Huu; Van Sang, Nguyen; Khoi, Chau Minh; Thu, Nguyen Kim; Faggotter, Stephen John; Stewart-Koster, Ben; Condon, Jason; Sammut, Jesmond (December 2020). "Does natural feed supply the nutritional needs of shrimp in extensive rice-shrimp ponds? – A stable isotope tracer approach". Aquaculture. 529: 735717. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735717. S2CID   225011819.
  19. ↑ Khedkar, Gulab Dattarao; Reddy, A. Chandrashekar; Ron, Tetszuan Benny; Haymer, David (December 2013). "High levels of genetic diversity in Penaeus monodon populations from the east coast of India". SpringerPlus. 2 (1): 671. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-671 . PMC   3868705 . PMID   24363984.
  20. ↑ "Giant Tiger Prawn". Sea Grant Extension Project. Louisiana State University
  21. ↑ Flegel, T.W. (1 July 1997). "Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 13 (4): 433–442. doi:10.1023/A:1018580301578. S2CID   83104916.
  22. ↑ Soowannayan, Chumporn; Nguyen, Giang Thu; Pham, Long Ngoc; Phanthura, Mongkhol; Nakthong, Naruemon (August 2015). "Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is susceptible to yellowhead virus (YHV) infection and can transmit it to the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)". Aquaculture. 445: 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.04.015.
  23. ↑ Palmer, Paul J.; Rao, Min; Cowley, Jeff A. (March 30, 2021). "Reduced transmission of IHHNV to Penaeus monodon from shrimp pond wastewater filtered through a polychaete-assisted sand filter (PASF) system". Aquaculture. 535: 736359. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736359 . S2CID   233550397.
  24. ↑ Shekhar, M. S.; Kiruthika, J.; Rajesh, S.; Ponniah, A. G. (September 2014). "High salinity induced expression profiling of differentially expressed genes in shrimp (Penaeus monodon)". Molecular Biology Reports. 41 (9): 6275–6289. doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3510-1. PMID   24973887. S2CID   17602689.
  25. ↑ "Greenpeace International Seafood Red list". Greenpeace . Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  26. ↑ Srivastava, Shikha; Dahal, Sumedha; Naidu, Sharanya J.; Anand, Deepika; Gopalakrishnan, Vidya; Kooloth Valappil, Rajendran; Raghavan, Sathees C. (24 January 2017). "DNA double-strand break repair in Penaeus monodon is predominantly dependent on homologous recombination". DNA Research. 24 (2): 117–128. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsw059. PMC   5397610 . PMID   28431013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.