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The provinces of Nepal are governed by provincial governments which form the second level of governance in the country; after the federal government. The provincial governments are established, and their structure is defined by Part 13 of the Constitution of Nepal.
Each province has a unicameral provincial legislature, varying in size according to the population of the province. The members are elected through first-past-the-post voting and party-list proportional representation for a term of five years, unless dissolved sooner. The first provincial election was held in 2017.
The provincial assemblies are presided over by the Speaker who is elected from amongst the members of the assembly and is not a part of the debates. The speaker is helped by a Deputy Speaker who is also elected from amongst the members. At least one of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker must be a woman and they must not belong to the same party unless only one party is represented in the assembly. [1] Nanda Gurung is the first and only woman to be elected as the speaker of a provincial assembly. She is currently serving as the Speaker of Karnali Provincial Assembly having been elected in 2023. [2]
The governors of the provinces have the power to summon and prorogue the sessions of the assembly pursuant to the Constitution. The interval between two consecutive sessions of the assemblies cannot exceed six months. If one-fourth of the total members of an assembly make a petition during a prorogation or recess of the assembly, the governor must call a session or a meeting. [3]
| Assembly | Meeting place | Seats | Speaker | Deputy Speaker | Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koshi Pradesh | Biratnagar, Morang | 93 | Vacation | Sirjana Danuwar | 2nd Assembly |
| Madhesh Province | Janakpur, Dhanusha | 107 | Ram Chandra Mandal | Babita Devi Raut Ishar | 2nd Assembly |
| Bagmati Province | Hetauda, Makwanpur | 110 | Bhuwan Kumar Pathak | Apsara Chapagai | 2nd Assembly |
| Gandaki Province | Pokhara, Kaski | 60 | Krishna Prasad Dhital | Bina Kumari Thapa | 2nd Assembly |
| Lumbini Province | Bhalubang, Dang | 87 | Tularam Gharti Magar | Menuka Khand K.C. | 2nd Assembly |
| Karnali Province | Birendranagar, Surkhet | 40 | Nanda Gurung | Yashoda Neupane | 2nd Assembly |
| Sudurpashchim Province | Godawari, Kailali | 53 | Bhim Bahadur Bhandari | Koili Devi Chaudhary | 2nd Assembly |
The executive power of a province is vested in the provincial cabinet. If a cabinet does not exist, the executive power is exercised by the governor of the province. [4]
The head of the provincial cabinet is the chief minister. The governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party that commands a majority, either alone or with the support of one or more parties, in the provincial assembly as the chief minister. The governor appoints members to the provincial cabinet on the recommendation of the chief minister. The members of the provincial cabinet are responsible for the various departments of the provincial administration. A provincial cabinet can only consist of a maximum of 20% of the total number of members of the provincial assembly. [5] A non-member of a provincial assembly can be appointed as a minister in the cabinet, but must obtain membership of the assembly within six months of their appointment. [6]
The assembly can force the resignation of the chief minister with a vote of no confidence. [7]
| Province | Chief Minister | Party | Took office | Cabinet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koshi | Kedar Karki | Nepali Congress | 7 July 2023 [8] | Karki | |
| Madhesh | Saroj Kumar Yadav | PSP-N | 13 January 2023 [9] | Yadav | |
| Bagmati | Shalikram Jamkattel | Maoist Centre | 10 January 2023 [10] | Jamkattel | |
| Gandaki | Surendra Raj Pandey | Nepali Congress | 27 April 2023 [11] | Pandey | |
| Lumbini | Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary | Nepali Congress | 27 April 2023 [12] | Chaudhary | |
| Karnali | Raj Kumar Sharma | Maoist Centre | 12 January 2023 [13] | Sharma | |
| Sudurpashchim | Kamal Bahadur Shah | Nepali Congress | 10 February 2023 [14] | Shah | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Minister Constituency | Political Party | Assumed office | Left office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | ||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister All other ministries not allocated to anyone. | Kedar Karki [15] MPA for Morang 6(B) | Nepali Congress | 15 October 2023 [16] | Incumbent | |
| 2 | Minister for Internal Affairs and Law | Shamsher Rai MPA for Ilam 1(B) | Nepali Congress | 15 October 2023 [15] | Incumbent | |
| 3 | Minister for Tourism, Forest, and Environment | Ganesh Upreti MPA for Morang 2(A) | Maoist Centre | 3 November 2023 [17] | Incumbent | |
| 4 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Kamal Prasad Jabegu MPA for Panchthar 1(A) | Unified Socialist | 3 November 2023 [18] | Incumbent | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Holder | Party | Constituency | Took office | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Saroj Kumar Yadav | PSP-N | Bara 1 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 2 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Krishna Prasad Yadav | Nepali Congress | Rautahat 1 (B) | 23 May 2023 [20] | ||
| 3 | Minister for Finance | Sanjay Kumar Yadav | PSP-N | Sarlahi 3 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 4 | Minister for Education and Social Welfare | Mahesh Prasad Yadav | Janamat Party | Saptari 2 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 5 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Govinda Bahadur Neupane | CPN (Unified Socilaist) | Saptari 4 (A) | 23 May 2023 [20] | ||
| 6 | Minister without portfolio | Surita Kumari Sah | PSP-N | Mahottari 2 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 7 | Minister for Health and Population | Birendra Prasad Singh | Nepali Congress | Sarlahi 4 (A) | 23 May 2023 [20] | ||
| 8 | Minister for Energy, Irrigation and Water Resources | Singhasan Sah Kalwar | PSP-N | Parsa 4 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 9 | Minister for Forest and Environment | Ramesh Prasad Kurmi | Loktantrik Samajwadi | Parsa 2(B) | 25 May 2023 [21] | ||
| 10 | Minister for Home Affairs, Communication and Law | Mohammad Samim | Nepali Congress | Saptari 3 (A) | 31 July 2023 [22] | ||
| 11 | Minister for Industry, Commerce and Tourism | Sunita Yadav | CPN (Maoist Centre) | 7 February 2023 [23] | |||
| 12 | Minister for Labour and Transport | Chandan Kumar Singh | Janamat Party | 31 July 2023 [22] | |||
| State ministers | |||||||
| 13 | Minister of State for Health and Population | Sheikh Abul Kalam Azad | PSP-N | Rautahat 4 (B) | 13 January 2023 [19] | ||
| 14 | Minister of State for Industry, Commerce and Tourism | Rahbar Ansari | CPN (Maoist Centre) | Parsa 1 (A) | 7 February 2023 [23] | ||
| S.N. | Portfolio | Name | Party | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Shalikram Jamkattel | Maoist Centre | 10 January 2023 [24] | |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs and Planning | Bahadur Singh Lama | Nepali Congress | 9 April 2023 [25] | |
| 3 | Minister for Internal Affairs and Law | Ganga Narayan Shrestha | Nepal Socialist Party | 25 January 2023 [26] | |
| 4 | Minister for Social Development | Kumari Moktan | Maoist Centre | 25 January 2023 [26] | |
| 5 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Yuvaraj Dulal | Maoist Centre | 25 January 2023 [26] | |
| 6 | Minister for Drinking Water, Energy and Irrigation | Tirtha Bahadur Lama | Nepali Congress | 9 April 2023 [25] | |
| 7 | Minister without portfolio | Ramkrishna Chitrakar | Nepali Congress | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| 8 | Minister for Agriculture and Livestock Development | Rajendra Man Shrestha | Unified Socialist | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| 9 | Minister for Labour, Employment and Transportation | Laxman Lamsal | Unified Socialist | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| 10 | Minister for Tourism, Industry and Co-operatives | Pukar Maharjan | Nepali Congress | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| 11 | Minister for Health | Uttam Joshi | Nepali Congress | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| 12 | Minister for Forest and Environment | Masina Khadka | Nepali Congress | 21 May 2023 [27] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Holder | Party | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Surendra Raj Pandey | Nepali Congress | 28 April 2023 [28] [29] | |
| 2 | Minister for Social Development and Health | Sushila Simkhada | Maoist Centre | 28 April 2023 [28] [29] | |
| 3 | Minister for Energy, Water Resources and Drinking Water | Saraswati Aryal | Nepali Congress | 28 April 2023 [28] [29] | |
| 4 | Minister for Agriculture and Land Management | Mahendra Dhoj G.C. | Nepali Congress | 12 May 2023 [30] | |
| 5 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development and Transport | Resham Bahadur Jugjali | Maoist Centre | 12 May 2023 [30] | |
| 6 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Jit Prakash Ale Magar | Nepali Congress | 12 May 2023 [30] | |
| 7 | Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Dipendra Bahadur Thapa | Nepali Congress | 12 May 2023 [30] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Holder | Party | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary | Nepali Congress | 27 April 2023 [12] | |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Dhan Bahadur Maskey | Maoist Centre | 27 April 2023 [12] | |
| 3 | Minister for Health | Raju Khanal | Nepali Congress | 22 May 2023 [31] | |
| 4 | Minister for Interior Affairs, Law and Co-operatives | Santosh Kumar Pandeya | Loktantrik Samajwadi | 27 April 2023 [12] | |
| 5 | Minister for Agriculture and Land Management | Bhandari Lal Ahir | PSP-N | 22 May 2023 [31] | |
| 6 | Minister for Social Development | Chandrakesh Gupta | Janamat Party | 22 May 2023 [31] | |
| 7 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Dharma Bahadur Chaudhary | Nagrik Unmukti | 27 April 2023 [12] | |
| 8 | Minister for Water Supply, Rural and Urban Development | Nepali Congress | |||
| 9 | Minister for Forests and Environment | ||||
| 10 | Minister for Industry, Tourism and Transport Management | ||||
| S.N. | Portfolio | Holder | Party | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Raj Kumar Sharma | Maoist Centre | 12 January 2023 [32] | |
| 2 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Bedraj Singh | Nepali Congress | 18 April 2023 [33] | |
| 3 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Mangal Bahadur Shahi | Maoist Centre | 12 January 2023 [32] | |
| 4 | Minister for Social Development | Khadga Bahadur Pokharel | Nepali Congress | 18 April 2023 [33] | |
| 5 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Bhim Prakash Sharma | Maoist Centre | 25 January 2023 [34] | |
| 6 | Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Krishna Kumar B.C. | Nepali Congress | 18 April 2023 [33] | |
| 7 | Minister for Interior Affairs and Law | Krishna Bahadur G.C. | Maoist Centre | 25 January 2023 [34] | |
| 8 | Minister for Energy, Water Resource and Irrigation | Urmila BK | Maoist Centre | 18 April 2023 [35] | |
| S.N. | Portfolio | Name | Party | Took office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabinet ministers | |||||
| 1 | Chief Minister | Kamal Bahadur Shah | Nepali Congress | 10 February 2023 [36] | |
| 2 | Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development | Prakash Bahadur Deuba | Nepali Congress | 10 February 2023 [36] | |
| 3 | Minister for Economic Affairs | Naresh Shahi | Unified Socialist | 10 February 2023 [36] | |
| 4 | Minister for Interior Affairs and Law | Prithvi Bahadur Singh | Nepali Congress | 20 May 2023 [1] | |
| 5 | Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives | Nagrik Unmukti | |||
| 6 | Minister for Social Development | Jhapat Saud | Maoist Centre | 20 May 2023 [1] | |
| 7 | Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment | Ramesh Singh Dhami | Maoist Centre | 20 May 2023 [1] | |
The former appellate courts were changed into High Courts after the adoption of the new constitution. [37]
Additional Benches and Extended Benches of Nepal
The Minister for Internal Affairs and Law (or simply, the Internal Minister, is the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law of the Government of Koshi Province. One of the senior-most officers in the Provincial Cabinet, the minister is responsible for maintain peace and state security; the state's police force and investigation bureau comes under its jurisdiction. Occasionally, they are assisted by the Minister of State for Internal Affairs and Law.
Tirtha Bahadur Lama is a Nepali politician belonging to Nepali Congress. Lama, who is the minister for Drinking water, Energy and Irrigation of Bagmati province is currently serving as member of Bagmati Provincial Assembly. Lama was elected from Kavrepalanchowk 1(B).
Sher Dhan Rai is a Nepalese politician and Former Chief Minister of Koshi Province, a province in eastern part of Nepal. He was elected parliamentary party leader of CPN (UML), the largest party in the provincial assembly, on 9 February 2018. Rai was subsequently appointed as chief minister on 14 February 2018. He was previously elected to the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly, winning the Bhojpur–2 seat for the Communist Party of Nepal. Rai also served as a cabinet minister in the Government of Nepal, and was appointed Minister of Information and Communications in the first Oli cabinet.
Koshi Province is the easternmost province of Nepal. It is surrounded by Tibet region of China to the north, the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal to the east and Bihar to the south and Nepal's Bagmati and Madhesh provinces to the west.
Lalbabu Raut also knows as Mohamed Lalbabu raut is the first Chief Minister of Madhesh Province, one of the seven federal Provinces of Nepal. He is the parliamentary party leader of People's Socialist Party, Nepal for Madhesh Province.
The Madhesh Provincial Assembly is a unicameral governing and law making body of Madhesh Province, one of the seven Provinces in Nepal, The assembly is seated in the provincial capital at Janakpur in Dhanusha District. The assembly has 107 members, 64 of whom are elected through single-member constituencies and 43 of whom are elected through the party list proportional representation system. They are elected for five-year terms unless the assembly is dissolved earlier.
The Government of Madhesh Province, known locally as the Province Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Nepalese province of Madhesh Province which consists of 8 districts.
Bahadur Singh Lama Tamang is a Nepali politician currently serving as a member of the Bagmati Provincial Assembly. He is also the minister for economic affairs of Bagmati Provincial Assembly.
Events in the year 2021 in Nepal.
In Nepal, the chief minister is the elected head of government of each of the seven provinces. The chief minister is appointed by the governor of the provinces according to Article 167 of the Constitution of Nepal.
The chief minister of the Lumbini Province is the head of government of Lumbini Province. The chief minister is appointed by the governor of the province according to Article 167 of the Constitution of Nepal. The chief minister remains in office for five years or until the provincial assembly is dissolved, and is subject to no term limits, given that they have the confidence of the assembly.
Kedar Karki is a Nepalese politician and member of Provincial Assembly. Karki is the current Chief Minister of Koshi Province since 15 October 2023. He is also serving as member of Koshi Provincial Assembly having been elected from Morang 6 (B).
The 2nd Madhesh Provincial Assembly was elected through the provincial elections held on 20 November 2022. The assembly has 64 constituency seats in which members are elected through direct elections and 43 proportional representation party list seats. The term of the assembly is 5 years unless dissolved earlier. The first session of the assembly started from 2 January 2023.
The second Bagmati Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2022 provincial elections on 20 November 2022. 110 members were elected to the assembly, 66 of whom were elected through direct elections and 44 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The first session on the assembly commenced from 2 January 2023.
The Second Hikmat Karki cabinet was the 7th provincial government of Koshi Province. It was formed after Hikmat Kumar Karki was sworn in as Chief Minister of Koshi Province on 8 September 2023 as previous Chief minister, Uddhav Thapa–led governments was unconstitutional.
The Government of Koshi, known locally as the Provincial Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Koshi Province which consists of 14 districts.
The Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet is the 3rd cabinet of Sudurpashchim Province. It was formed after previous Chief minister, Rajendra Singh Rawal failed to win vote of confidence.
The Yadav cabinet is the Council of Ministers headed by Saroj Kumar Yadav in Madhesh Province, Nepal. Saroj Kumar Yadav from People's Socialist Party, Nepal was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Madhesh Province in January 2023. Present arrangement of cabinet is the result of power sharing agreement between Nepali Congress and People's Socialist Party, Nepal.
The Surendra Raj Pandey cabinet is the 3rd cabinet of Gandaki Province. It was formed after previous Chief minister, Khagaraj Adhikari failed to win vote of confidence.
The Ministry of Social Development is a governmental body of Koshi Province responsible for the welfare of the society and does all social development work. Its purpose is to take care of the development work related to the social development of the society.
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