Tumon Bay

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Tumon Bay Marine Preserve
Tumon Bay in Guam 2000-11-16.jpg
Tumon Bay from the north, 2000
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Location Philippine Sea / Tumon, Guam
Nearest city Tamuning, Guam
Coordinates 13°30′50″N144°47′35″E / 13.5138953°N 144.7930245°E / 13.5138953; 144.7930245 Coordinates: 13°30′50″N144°47′35″E / 13.5138953°N 144.7930245°E / 13.5138953; 144.7930245
Area4.54 square kilometres (1,120 acres)
Established1999
Governing body Guam Department of Agriculture

Tumon Bay is a bay in the United States territory of Guam, opening to the Philippine Sea. It is bounded to the north by Two Lovers Point and to the south by Ypao Point. The entirety of the bay falls within the Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, also known as the Tumon Bay Marine Preserve Area (MPA) and Tumon Preserve, one of five marine preserves on Guam. The Preserve measures 4.54 square kilometers and is roughly two miles long. The platform of the fringing reef that separates the open ocean from the lagoon is up to 1,450 feet (440 m) wide. [1] and up to one mile from the shore. [2] The bay is located off of the Tumon area, the tourist center of the island, in the village of Tamuning. The bay is extensively utilized for recreation and fishing.

Contents

History

Fish and coral in Tumon Bay, 2008 Fish and coral in Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, Guam.jpg
Fish and coral in Tumon Bay, 2008

Tumon Bay or Agana Bay are the most likely locations that Ferdinand Magellan dropped anchor on March 6, 1521, which was the island's first encounter with Europeans. [3] The bodies of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod were thrown into the bay following their murders on April 2, 1672, during the Spanish-Chamorro Wars. [4] In response, the Spanish launched a punitive attack on Tumon, burning several houses and sakman . However, the Spanish column was attacked on both flanks as it waded through the waters of Tumon Bay, losing three soldiers to poison spears. Two Chamorro warriors were killed in the battle. [5] : 30–31  During the Japanese invasion in 1941, the South Seas Detachment under the command of Major-General Tomitarō Horii made landings at Tumon Bay. [6]

In the 1960s, the Government of Guam blasted a shallow cut in the fringing reef opposite San Vitores Beach to allow entry by small boats. As hotels were built along the shore in the 1970s and 1980s, holes to allow swimming at low tide were dredged along the beach at Hilton Hotel, Ypao Beach Park, the Pacific Star (now Marriot) Hotel, and San Vitores Beach. [7]

In 1986 the Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources determined that fish stocks had declined 70% in the previous 15 years and began the process of setting aside areas around Guam with limited take. [1] In 1996, Guam passed a law prohibited motorized watercraft from being used inside the Tumon reef, with the exception of jet skis transiting from San Vitores Beach directly through the cut into the open ocean. [8] A dinner boat is also allowed to use the cut to gain entry to the ocean. Fishing boats, even if not motorized, were banned from the lagoon in 1999 when the marine preserve area was established. Currently, only small recreational and paddling craft are allowed to utilize the lagoon. [7] In the 1990s, as hotels filled up the beachfront property along Tumon Bay, the bay was dredged by the hotel community to remove the seaweed that frequently washed ashore and "despoiled the beauty" of the beach.[ citation needed ]

Map of benthic cover at Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, 2009 Tumon Bay Marine Preserve benthic cover.png
Map of benthic cover at Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, 2009

Marine preserves began to be fully enforced in 2001. [9] In 2005, the interagency Guam Coral Reef Monitoring Group began monitoring Tumon Bay. [10] The Tumon Bay preserve comprises 9.2% of all marine protected area on Guam. In a 2009 study, 18% of the preserve was coral, 10% was seaweed, and 1% was seagrasses. [1] Within the Tumon preserve, all species of fish may be caught by hook-and-line. Juvenile (4 inches or less) Goatfish and Jack may additionally be caught from the shore with cast net. Rabbitfish and Convict Tang may be caught from the shore or reef line with cast net. Bottom fishing is allowed from the 100 foot contour outwards. Trolling is allowed from the reef margin seaward for pelagic fish only. [11] Arrests for illegal fishing in Tumon continue to be made. [12] The Guam Long-Term Coral Reef Monitoring Program began partial monitoring of Tumon Bay Marine Preserve in June 2009 and began full data monitoring in 2010. It was determined that the southern and northern halves of the study site had very different benthic communities and the site was redrawn to get adequate monitoring of both communities. [13] A 2010 study found that the establishment of Guam's marine preserves had doubled the death rate by drowning of Chamorro fisherman, with the hypothesis being that they were pushed into more hazardous areas. [14]

It will take many years for the seaweed and fish to come back to their previous levels. The beach along Hotel Row was also covered with rocks, many of which were removed as well.[ citation needed ] The coral reef fringing Tumon Bay suffers from nutrient infusion and algal blooms associated with fresh water seepage from hotels along the beach. The fresh water is likely coming from irrigation systems used by the hotels to maintain tropical garden landscaping around the hotel. The freshwater can be seen leaching into the bay at low tide. Further evidence is the very visible algal blooms created by the nutrient rich fresh water.[ citation needed ]

Current uses

Throw net fishing on Tumon Bay, 2006 Fishing in Guam (256789457).jpg
Throw net fishing on Tumon Bay, 2006

The bay is continuously utilized for fishing and recreational uses, including swimming and use of small unmotorized watercraft. The lagoon offers sites for both beginner and advanced snorkeling. [15] Outrigger canoe teams sail on the bay out of Matapang Beach. Matapang Beach and Tumon Bay hosted outrigger canoeing at the 1999 South Pacific Games. [16] Scuba diving off of Gun Beach, located on the northern end of the bay, offers what Stars and Stripes states is "often referred to as 'the best shore dive on Guam'". [17] [18]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guam</span> Territory of the United States

Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States ; its capital Hagåtña (144°45'00"E) lies further west than Melbourne, Australia (144°57'47"E). In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo.

The history of Guam starts with the early arrival around 2000 BC of Austronesian people known today as the Chamorro Peoples. The CHamorus then developed a "pre-contact" society, that was colonized by the Spanish in the 17th century. The present American rule of the island began with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Guam's history of colonialism is the longest among the Pacific islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apra Harbor</span> Seaport in Guam

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Pedro Calungsod, also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores, suffered religious persecution and martyrdom in Guam for their missionary work in 1672.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumon, Guam</span> District of Guam

Tumon is a district located on Tumon Bay along the northwest coast of the United States unincorporated territory of Guam. Located in the municipality of Tamuning, it is the center of Guam's tourist industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matå'pang</span>

Matå'pang was a Chamorro maga'låhi or chief of the ancient Chamorro village of Tomhom on the island of Guahan. His name meant "to be made pure by cleansing" in Chamorro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diego Luis de San Vitores</span>

Diego Luis de San Vitores, SJ was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who founded the first Catholic church on the island of Guam. He is responsible for establishing the Christian presence in the Mariana Islands. He is a controversial figure today due to his role in starting the Spanish-Chamorro Wars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apo Island</span> Volcanic island in Visayas, Philippines

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The Spanish–Chamorro Wars, also known as the Chamorro Wars and the Spanish–Chamorro War, refer to the late seventeenth century unrest among the Chamorro people of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean against the colonial effort of Habsburg Spain. Anger at proselytizing by the first permanent mission to Guam, which was led by Diego Luis de San Vitores, and a series of cultural misunderstandings led to increasing unrest on Guam and a Chamorro siege of the Hagåtña presidio incited by maga’låhi (Chief) Hurao in 1670. Maga’låhi Matå'pang killed San Vitores in 1672, resulting in a campaign of Spanish reprisal burnings of villages through 1676. Local anger at the attacks against villages resulted in another open rebellion led by Agualin and a second siege of Hagåtña. Governor Juan Antonio de Salas conducted a counter-insurgency campaign that successfully created a system of collaboration in which Guamanians turned in rebels and murderers and transferred most of the people from about 180 villages to seven towns, a policy known as reducción. By the early 1680s, Guam was largely "reduced," or pacified.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Coral Reef Habitat Assessment for U.S. Marine Protected Areas: U.S. Territory of Guam (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 2009. p. 8. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Tumon Bay Guam". Guam Portal. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  3. ↑ "Administrative History (Chapter 2)". National Park Service. War in the Pacific National Historical Park. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  4. ↑ Forbes, Eric (October 11, 2019). "Pedro Calungsod". Guampedia. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  5. ↑ Hezel, Francis X. (2015). When cultures clash: revisiting the 'Spanish-Chamorro Wars'. ISBN   978-1-935198-04-8 . Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  6. ↑ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15.
  7. 1 2 "Management of Contaminated Harbor Sediments in Guam" (PDF). Guam Environmental Protection Agency. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. September 2000. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2003. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "Guam Public Law 23-78: An Act to Amend 9 GCA 70.25 Relative to Jet Ski Operation" (PDF). Legislature of Guam. March 12, 1996. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  9. ↑ Brown, Valerie. "Man, Land & Sea - Volume I, Issue I". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  10. ↑ Porter, Val (June 21, 2005). "Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring In Guam" (PDF). Pacific Islands Environmental Conference. Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, EPA. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "Man, Land & Sea - Volume 2, Issue 2". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  12. ↑ Weiss, Jasmine Stole (26 July 2019). "Five arrested in illegal fishing case". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  13. ↑ "Tumon Bay". Guam Long-Term Coral Reef Monitoring program. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Lucas, Devin L.; Lincoln, Jennifer M. (December 10, 2010). "The Impact of Marine Preserve Areas on the Safety of Fishermen on Guam" (PDF). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Snorkeling at Tumon Bay, Guam". Snorkeling Report. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "Matapang Beach". The Guam Guide. August 27, 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  17. ↑ Roberts, Peyton (4 August 2015). "A dozen top dives off Guam's shores". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  18. ↑ "Gun Beach". Guam Dive Guide. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
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