In mathematics, especially (higher) category theory, higher-dimensional algebra is the study of categorified structures. It has applications in nonabelian algebraic topology, and generalizes abstract algebra.
A first step towards defining higher dimensional algebras is the concept of 2-category of higher category theory, followed by the more 'geometric' concept of double category. [1] [2] [3]
A higher level concept is thus defined as a category of categories, or super-category, which generalises to higher dimensions the notion of category – regarded as any structure which is an interpretation of Lawvere's axioms of the elementary theory of abstract categories (ETAC). [4] [5] Ll.
, [6] [7] Thus, a supercategory and also a super-category, can be regarded as natural extensions of the concepts of meta-category, [8] multicategory, and multi-graph, k-partite graph, or colored graph (see a color figure, and also its definition in graph theory).
Supercategories were first introduced in 1970, [9] and were subsequently developed for applications in theoretical physics (especially quantum field theory and topological quantum field theory) and mathematical biology or mathematical biophysics. [10]
Other pathways in higher-dimensional algebra involve: bicategories, homomorphisms of bicategories, variable categories (aka, indexed, or parametrized categories), topoi, effective descent, and enriched and internal categories.
In higher-dimensional algebra (HDA), a double groupoid is a generalisation of a one-dimensional groupoid to two dimensions, [11] and the latter groupoid can be considered as a special case of a category with all invertible arrows, or morphisms.
Double groupoids are often used to capture information about geometrical objects such as higher-dimensional manifolds (or n-dimensional manifolds). [11] In general, an n-dimensional manifold is a space that locally looks like an n-dimensional Euclidean space, but whose global structure may be non-Euclidean.
Double groupoids were first introduced by Ronald Brown in 1976, in ref. [11] and were further developed towards applications in nonabelian algebraic topology. [12] [13] [14] [15] A related, 'dual' concept is that of a double algebroid, and the more general concept of R-algebroid.
In quantum field theory, there exist quantum categories. [16] [17] [18] and quantum double groupoids. [18] One can consider quantum double groupoids to be fundamental groupoids defined via a 2-functor, which allows one to think about the physically interesting case of quantum fundamental groupoids (QFGs) in terms of the bicategory Span(Groupoids), and then constructing 2-Hilbert spaces and 2-linear maps for manifolds and cobordisms. At the next step, one obtains cobordisms with corners via natural transformations of such 2-functors. A claim was then made that, with the gauge group SU(2), "the extended TQFT, or ETQFT, gives a theory equivalent to the Ponzano–Regge model of quantum gravity "; [18] similarly, the Turaev–Viro model would be then obtained with representations of SUq(2). Therefore, one can describe the state space of a gauge theory – or many kinds of quantum field theories (QFTs) and local quantum physics, in terms of the transformation groupoids given by symmetries, as for example in the case of a gauge theory, by the gauge transformations acting on states that are, in this case, connections. In the case of symmetries related to quantum groups, one would obtain structures that are representation categories of quantum groupoids, [16] instead of the 2-vector spaces that are representation categories of groupoids.
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In mathematics, especially in higher-dimensional algebra and homotopy theory, a double groupoid generalises the notion of groupoid and of category to a higher dimension.
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Myles Tierney was an American mathematician and Professor at Rutgers University who founded the theory of elementary toposes with William Lawvere.
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[...] people still obstinately persist, when calculating with fundamental groups, in fixing a single base point, instead of cleverly choosing a whole packet of points which is invariant under the symmetries of the situation, which thus get lost on the way. In certain situations it is much more elegant, even indispensable for understanding something, to work with fundamental groupoids with respect to a suitable packet of base points, [,,,]
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