Jim Corbett National Park

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Jim Corbett National Park
Bengal-Tiger Corbett Uttarakhand Dec-2013.jpg
Bengal tiger in Corbett National Park
India Uttarakhand relief map.svg
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Location Nainital,Uttarakhand, India
Nearest city Ramnagar, Kotdwar
Coordinates 29°32′55″N78°56′7″E / 29.54861°N 78.93528°E / 29.54861; 78.93528
Area1,318 km2
Established1936
Visitors500,000 [1] (in 1999)
Governing body Project Tiger, Government of Uttarakhand, Wildlife Warden, Jim Corbett National Park
corbettonline.uk.gov.in

Jim Corbett National Park is a national park in India located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand state. The first national park in India, it was established in 1936 during the British Raj and named Hailey National Park after William Malcolm Hailey, a governor of the United Provinces in which it was then located. In 1956, nearly a decade after India's independence, it was renamed Corbett National Park after the hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett, who had played a leading role in its establishment and had died the year before. The park was the first to come under the Project Tiger initiative. [2]

Contents

Corbett National Park comprises 520.8 km2 (201.1 sq mi) area of hills, riverine belts, marshy depressions, grasslands and a large lake. The elevation ranges from 1,300 to 4,000 ft (400 to 1,220 m). Winter nights are cold but the days are bright and sunny. It rains from July to September. The park has sub-Himalayan belt geographical and ecological characteristics. [3] Dense moist deciduous forest mainly consists of Shorea robusta (the sal tree), haldu, peepal, rohini and mango trees. Forest covers almost 73 per cent of the park, while 10 per cent of the area consists of grasslands. It houses around 110 tree species, 50 species of mammals, 580 bird species and 25 reptile species.

An ecotourism destination, [4] the park contains 617 different species of plants and a diverse variety of fauna. [5] [6] The increase in tourist activities, among other problems, continues to present a serious challenge to the park's ecological balance. [7]

History

Indian monitor lizard Indian Monitor Lizard - JTR.jpg
Indian monitor lizard
A chital in Jim Corbett National Park A spotted deer or Chital in Jim Corbett national park looking straight to the camera.jpg
A chital in Jim Corbett National Park

Some areas of the park were formerly part of the princely state of Tehri Garhwal. [8] The forests were cleared by the Environment and Forests Department (Uttarakhand) to make the area less vulnerable to Rohilla invaders. [8] The Raja of Tehri formally ceded a part of his princely state to the East India Company in return for their assistance in ousting the Gurkhas from his domain. [8] The Buksas—a tribe from the Terai—settled on the land and began growing crops, but in the early 1860s they were evicted with the advent of British rule. [8]

Efforts to save the forests of the region began in the 19th century under Major Ramsay, the British officer who was in-charge of the area during those times. The first step in the protection of the area began in 1868 when the British forest department established control over the land and prohibited cultivation and the operation of cattle stations. [9] In 1879 these forests were constituted into a reserve forest where restricted felling was permitted.

In the early 1900s, several Britishers, including E. R. Stevans and E. A. Smythies, suggested the setting up of a national park on this soil. The British administration considered the possibility of creating a game reserve there in 1907. [9] It was only in the 1930s that the process of demarcation for such an area got underway. A reserve area known as Hailey National Park covering 323.75 km2 (125.00 sq mi) was created in 1936, when Sir Malcolm Hailey was the Governor of United Provinces, and Asia's first national park came into existence. [10] Hunting was not allowed in the reserve, only timber cutting for domestic purposes was permitted. Soon after the establishment of the reserve, rules prohibiting the killing and capture of mammals, reptiles and birds within its boundaries were passed. [10]

The reserve was renamed Ramganga National Park in 1954–1955 and was again renamed in 1955–1956 to Corbett National Park after author and naturalist Jim Corbett. [10] The park fared well during the 1930s under an elected administration. But during the Second World War, it suffered from excessive poaching and timber cutting. Over time, the area in the reserve was increased to 797.72 km2 (308.00 sq mi) were added in 1991 as a buffer zone to the Corbett Tiger Reserve. [10] The 1991 addition included the entire Kalagarh forest division, assimilating the 301.18 km2 (116.29 sq mi) area of Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary as a part of the Kalagarh division. [10] It was chosen in 1974 as the location for launching the Project Tiger wildlife conservation project. [11] The reserve is administered from its headquarters in the Nainital district. [9]

Corbett National Park is one of the thirteen protected areas covered by the World Wide Fund For Nature under their Terai Arc Landscape Program. [12] The program aims to protect three of the five terrestrial flagship species, the tiger, the Asian elephant and the Indian rhinoceros by restoring wildlife corridors to link 13 protected areas of Nepal and India and to enable wildlife migration. [12]

Geography

Banks of the Ramganga reservoir in the Dhikala grasslands of Corbett Tiger Reserve Ramganga dhikala.jpg
Banks of the Ramganga reservoir in the Dhikala grasslands of Corbett Tiger Reserve
Jim Corbett National Park
Location of Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand

Jim Corbett National Park is located partly along Doon Valley between the Lesser Himalaya in the north and the Siwalik Hills in the south; it has a sub-Himalayan belt structure. [3] The upper tertiary rocks are exposed towards the base of the Shiwalik range and hard sandstone units form broad ridges. [3] Characteristic longitudinal valleys, geographically termed Doons, or Duns can be seen formed along the narrow tectonic zones between lineaments. [3] The elevation of the region ranges between 360 m (1,180 ft) and 1,040 m (3,410 ft). [3] It has numerous ravines, ridges, minor streams and small plateaus with varying aspects and degrees of slope. [3] The park encompasses the Patli Dun valley formed by the river Ramganga. [13] Its present area is 1,288.31 km2 (497.42 sq mi) including a 822 km2 (317 sq mi) core zone and 466.31 km2 (180.04 sq mi) of buffer area. [14]

Climate

Morning fog in winter, Dhikala, Dec 2019 Morning Mist Dhikala Corbett Reserve Dec2019 R16 02285.jpg
Morning fog in winter, Dhikala, Dec 2019

The weather in the park is temperate compared to most other protected areas of India. [13] The temperature may vary from 5 °C (41 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) during the winter and some mornings are foggy. [13] Summer temperatures normally do not rise above 40 °C (104 °F). [13] Rainfall ranges from light during the winter to heavy during the monsoonal summer. [2]

Flora

Tree density inside the reserve is higher in the areas of Sal forests and lowest in the Anogeissus – Acacia catechu forests. [15] Total tree basal cover is greater in Sal dominated areas of woody vegetation. [15] Healthy regeneration in sapling and seedling layers is occurring in the Mallotus philippensis , Jamun and Diospyros spp. communities, but in the Sal forests the regeneration of sapling and seedling is poor. [15] A research survey in the 1970s recorded 488 different plant species; [5] in 2023, 617 species were noted, including 110 tree species. [14] A profile of the reserve compiled by the Wildlife Institute of India, listed the sal tree (S. robusta), Adina cordifolia , Anogeissus latifolia , Bauhinia rausinosa, Cassia fistula , and M. philippensis as the notable tree species. [14]

Fauna

Friendly tussle of tuskers at Dhikala grassland Tussle of tuskers.jpg
Friendly tussle of tuskers at Dhikala grassland

More than 586 species of resident and migratory birds have been sighted, including the crested serpent eagle, blossom-headed parakeet and the red junglefowl, owls and nightjars. [6] 33 species of reptiles including the Indian python, [6] seven species of amphibians, seven species of fish and 36 species of dragonflies have also been recorded. [8]

Mammals are represented by the Indian elephant, Indian leopard, Bengal tiger, jungle cat, fishing cat and leopard cat. [2] [6] barking deer, sambar deer, hog deer and chital, sloth bear and Asiatic black bear, Indian gray mongoose, otters, yellow-throated marten, Himalayan goral, Indian pangolin, langur and rhesus macaque. [16] Marsh crocodiles and gharials were released into Ramganga river. [6]

Thick jungle, the Ramganga river and plentiful prey make this reserve an ideal habitat for tigers who are opportunistic feeders and prey upon a range of animals. [16] The tigers in the park have been known to kill larger animals such as water buffalo and even elephants in times of food insecurity. [6] [17]

Ecotourism

Early-morning encounter with a sambar deer in Jim Corbett National Park, on a guided elephant tour from the Dhikala tourist lodge. Sambar Deer in Jim Corbet National Park.jpg
Early-morning encounter with a sambar deer in Jim Corbett National Park, on a guided elephant tour from the Dhikala tourist lodge.
Young Indian elephant bull charging a jeep Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park 10.jpg
Young Indian elephant bull charging a jeep

Though the main focus is protection of wildlife, the reserve management has also encouraged ecotourism. [10] In 1993, a training course covering natural history, visitor management and park interpretation was introduced to train nature guides. A second course followed in 1995 which recruited more guides for the same purpose. This allowed the staff of the reserve, previously preoccupied with guiding the visitors, to carry out management activities uninterrupted. [10]

The Indian government has organised workshops on ecotourism in Corbett National Park and Garhwal region to ensure that the local citizens profit from tourism while the park remains protected. [10] According to Riley & Riley (2005): "Best chances of seeing a tiger to come late in the dry season- April to mid-June-and go out with mahouts and elephants for several days." [6]

As early as 1991, the Corbett National Park played host to 3237 tourist vehicles carrying 45,215 visitors during the main tourist seasons between 15 November and 15 June. [4] This heavy influx of tourists has led to visible stress signs on the natural ecosystem. [4] Excessive trampling of soil due to tourist pressure has led to reduction in plant species and has also resulted in reduced soil moisture. The tourists have increasingly used fuel wood for cooking. This is a cause of concern as this fuel wood is obtained from the nearby forests, resulting in greater pressure on the forest ecosystem of the park. [4] Additionally, tourists have also caused problems by making noise, littering and causing disturbances in general. [18]

Other attractions

The 2005 Bollywood movie Kaal has a plot set in the Jim Corbett National Park. The movie was filmed at the park as well. [23]

In August 2019, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi appeared in a special episode of Discovery Channel's show Man vs Wild with the host Bear Grylls, [24] where he trekked the jungles and talked about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls. [25] The episode was filmed in Jim Corbett National Park and broadcast in 180 countries along India. [26]

Challenges

Past

An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park.jpg
An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park

A major incident in the history of the reserve followed the construction of a dam at the Kalagarh river and the submerging of 80 km2 (31 sq mi) of prime low lying riverine area. [10] The consequences ranged from local extinction of swamp deer to a massive reduction in hog deer population. The reservoir formed due to the submerging of land has also led to an increase in aquatic fauna and has additionally served as a habitat for winter migrants. [10]

Two villages situated on the southern boundary were shifted to the Firozpur–Manpur area situated on Ramnagar–Kashipur highway during 1990–93; the vacated areas were designated as buffer zones. The families in these villages were mostly dependent on forest products. [27] With the passage of time, these areas began to show signs of ecological recovery. [27] Vines, herbs, grasses and small trees began to appear, followed by herbaceous flora, eventually leading to natural forest type. It was observed that grass began to grow on the vacated agricultural fields and the adjoining forest areas started recuperating. [27] By 1999–2002 several plant species emerged in these buffer zones. The newly arisen lush green fields attracted grass eating animals, mainly deer and elephants, who slowly migrated towards these areas and even preferred to stay there throughout the monsoon. [27]

There were 109 cases of poaching recorded in 1988–89. [28] This figure dropped to 12 reported cases in 1997–98. [10]

In 1985, David Hunt, a British ornithologist and birdwatching tour guide, was killed by a tiger in the park. [29]

Present

A bull elephant at Jim Corbett National Park Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park4.jpg
A bull elephant at Jim Corbett National Park
Elephant Family- Dhikala Zone, Bank of River Ramganga, Jim Corbett National Park Elephant Family- Jim Corbett National Park.jpg
Elephant Family- Dhikala Zone, Bank of River Ramganga, Jim Corbett National Park

The habitat of the reserve faces threats from invasive species such as the exotic weeds Lantana , Parthenium and Cassia . [10] Natural resources like trees and grasses are exploited by the local population while encroachment of at least of 13.62 ha (33.7 acres) by 74 families has been recorded. [10]

The villages surrounding the park are at least 15–20 years old and no new villages have come up in the recent past. [30] The increasing population growth rate and the density of population within 1 km (0.62 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the park present a challenge to the management of the reserve. [30] Incidents of killing cattle by tigers and leopards have led to acts of retaliation by the local population in some cases. [10] The Indian government has approved the construction of a 12 km (7.5 mi) stone masonry wall on the southern boundary of the reserve where it comes in direct contact with agricultural fields. [10]

In April 2008, the National Conservation Tiger Authority (NCTA) expressed serious concern that protection systems have weakened, and poachers have infiltrated into this park. Monitoring of wild animals in the prescribed format has not been followed despite advisories and observations made during field visits. Also the monthly monitoring report of field evidence relating to tigers has not been received since 2006. NCTA said that in the "absence of ongoing monitoring protocol in a standardised manner, it would be impossible to forecast and keep track of untoward happenings in the area targeted by poachers." A cement road has been built through the park against a Supreme Court order. The road has become a thoroughfare between Kalagarh and Ramnagar. Constantly increasing vehicle traffic on this road is affecting the wildlife of crucial ranges like Jhirna, Kotirau and Dhara. Additionally, the Kalagarh irrigation colony that takes up about 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) of the park is yet to be vacated despite a 2007 Supreme Court order. [31]

Ecosystem valuation

An economic assessment study of Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be 14.7 billion (1.14 lakh / hectare). Important ecosystem services included gene-pool protection (10.65 billion), provisioning of water to downstream districts of Uttar Pradesh (1.61 billion), water purification services to the city of New Delhi (550 million), employment for local communities (82 million), provision of habitat and refugia for wildlife (274 million) and sequestration of carbon (214 million). [32] [ page needed ]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sinha, B. C.; Thapliyal, M.; K. Moghe, An Assessment of Tourism in Corbett National Park, Wildlife Institute of India, archived from the original on 5 November 2007, retrieved 12 October 2007
  2. 1 2 3 Riley & Riley 2005: 208
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 210
  4. 1 2 3 4 Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 309
  5. 1 2 Pant 1976
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Riley & Riley 2005: 210
  7. ↑ Tiwariji & Joshiji 1997: 309–311
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 UNEP 2003
  9. 1 2 3 Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 208
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Corbett National Park (Project Tiger Directorate)
  11. ↑ Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 108
  12. 1 2 Drayton 2004
  13. 1 2 3 4 Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 286
  14. 1 2 3 Nautiyal, J.P.; Lone, A.M.U.D.; Ghosh, T.; Malick, A.; Yadav, S. P.; Ramesh, C.; Ramesh, K. (2023). "An Illustrative Profile of Tiger Reserves of India" (PDF). Uttarakhand, India: Wildlife Institute of India; EIACP Programme Centre. pp. 40–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 Singh et al. 1995
  16. 1 2 Riley & Riley 2005: 208–210
  17. ↑ "Tigers killing and eating elephants in Corbett National Park: government study reveals worrying phenomenon". Times of India. 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  18. ↑ Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 311
  19. ↑ "Dikhala".
  20. ↑ "Kalagarh Dam".
  21. ↑ chandan@nainitaltourism.com. "NAINITAL TOURISM 1000 Pages Since 1999 - Corbett Water Falls | Jim Corbett National Park | Corbett Water Falls Nainital India |". Nainitaltourism.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  22. ↑ "Tourist Places to Visit Near Jim Corbett National Park". Corbett-national-park.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  23. ↑ "Lara: We had some close calls". Rediff.com. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  24. ↑ "PM Modi rows boat, makes weapon, goes on a wild adventure for Man vs Wild TV show". India Today. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  25. ↑ "Man Vs Wild: PM Modi walks in jungles of Jim Corbett with Bear Grylls, talks about conserving nature". Business Today. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "Taking Cue from PM's 'Man vs Wild' Episode, Tourism Ministry Makes 'Wildlife' Theme for Incredible India". News18. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Rao 2004
  28. ↑ Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 269
  29. ↑ Flumm, D. S. "Obituary". In Rogers, M. J. (ed.) (1985) Isles of Scilly Bird Report 1984. Cornwall Bird Watching and Preservation Society.
  30. 1 2 Tiwari & Joshi 1997: 263
  31. ↑ The Pioneer
  32. ↑ "Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+ Approach" (PDF). Indian Institute of Forest Management. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016.

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References

Further reading

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