Semiconductor industry

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The semiconductor industry is the aggregate of companies engaged in the design and fabrication of semiconductors and semiconductor devices, such as transistors and integrated circuits. It formed around 1960, once the fabrication of semiconductor devices became a viable business. The industry's annual semiconductor sales revenue has since grown to over $481 billion, as of 2018. [1]

Contents

The semiconductor industry is in turn the driving force behind the wider electronics industry, [2] with annual power electronics sales of £135 billion ($216 billion) as of 2011, [3] annual consumer electronics sales expected to reach $2.9 trillion by 2020, [4] tech industry sales expected to reach $5 trillion in 2019, [5] and e-commerce with over $29 trillion in 2017. [6] In 2019, 32.4% of the semiconductor market segment was for networks and communications devices. [7]

In 2021, the sales of semiconductors reached a record $555.9 billion, up 26.2 percent, with sales in China reaching $192.5 billion, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association. A record 1.15 trillion semiconductor units were shipped in the calendar year. [8] The semiconductor industry is projected to reach $726.73 billion by 2027. [9]

Industry structure

The global semiconductor industry is dominated by companies from the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and the Netherlands.

Electronic integrated circuit export by country or region as of 2016, by HS4 trade classification Who exported Electronic integrated circuits in 2016.svg
Electronic integrated circuit export by country or region as of 2016, by HS4 trade classification
Export of discrete semiconductors as of 2016, by United Nations Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding Systems 4 Who exported Semiconductor devices in 2016.svg
Export of discrete semiconductors as of 2016, by United Nations Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding Systems 4

Unique features of the industry include continuous growth but in a cyclical pattern with high volatility. While the current 20-year annual average growth of the semiconductor industry is on the order of 13%, this has been accompanied by equally above-average market volatility, which can lead to significant if not dramatic cyclical swings. This has required the need for high degrees of flexibility and innovation in order to constantly adjust to the rapid pace of change in the market as many products embedding semiconductor devices often have a very short life cycle.[ citation needed ]

At the same time, the rate of constant price-performance improvement in the semiconductor industry is staggering. As a consequence, changes in the semiconductor market not only occur extremely rapidly but also anticipate changes in industries evolving at a slower pace. The semiconductor industry is widely recognized as a key driver and technology enabler for the whole electronics value chain. [10]

The industry is based on the foundry model, which consists of semiconductor fabrication plants (foundries) and integrated circuit design operations, each belonging to separate companies or subsidiaries. Some companies, known as integrated device manufacturers, both design and manufacture semiconductors. The foundry model has resulted in consolidation among foundries. As of 2021, only three firms are able to manufacture the most advanced semiconductors: TSMC of Taiwan, Samsung of South Korea, and Intel of the United States. [11] Part of this is due to the high capital costs of building foundries. TSMC's latest factory, capable of fabricating 3 nm process semiconductors and completed in 2020, cost $19.5 billion. [11]

Intel is considering outsourcing some production to TSMC. It currently can only produce 10 nm semiconductors, while TSMC and Samsung can both produce 5 nm. [11] GlobalFoundries, an American-headquartered firm, uses a 12 nm process for its most advanced chips due to the rapidly increasing development costs of smaller process nodes. [12]

Semiconductor sales

Sales revenue

Annual semiconductor sales (1987–2018)
YearRevenue (nominal)Revenue (inflation)Ref.
2022$601,694,000,000 [13]
2021$594,952,000,000
2020$466,237,000,000 [14]
2019$422,237,000,000
2018$481,090,000,000$560,660,000,000 [1]
2017$420,390,000,000$501,890,000,000 [1]
2016$345,850,000,000$421,710,000,000 [1]
2015$335,170,000,000$413,800,000,000 [15]
2014$335,840,000,000$415,150,000,000
2013$305,580,000,000$383,900,000,000
2012$291,560,000,000$371,640,000,000
2011$299,520,000,000$389,640,000,000
2010$298,320,000,000$400,340,000,000
2009$226,310,000,000$308,700,000,000
2008$280,000,000,000$381,000,000,000
2007$255,600,000,000$360,700,000,000 [16]
2006$247,700,000,000$359,600,000,000
2005$227,000,000,000$340,000,000,000 [15]
2004$213,000,000,000$330,000,000,000
2000$204,000,000,000$347,000,000,000
1995$144,000,000,000$277,000,000,000
1992$60,000,000,000$125,000,000,000
1990$51,000,000,000$114,000,000,000
1987$33,000,000,000$85,000,000,000
2017 sales breakdown [1]
Industry sectorRevenueMarket shareRef.
Memory $124 billion30% [17]
Logic $102.2 billion25%
Microprocessor $63.9 billion16%
Power semiconductors $36.8 billion9% [18]
Total$420.39 billion100%
2008 sales breakdown
Semiconductor typeRevenueMarket shareRef.
Integrated circuit chip$250 billion89.3% [19]
Compound semiconductors $20 billion7.1%
Power transistors $10 billion3.6% [20]
Total$280 billion100%

Market share

Microprocessor market share (2022) [21]
Industry sectorMarket share
Computer and peripheral equipment 32.3%
Consumer electronics 21.2%
Telecommunications equipment 16.5%
Industrial electronics 14.3%
Defense and space industry 11.5%
Transportation technology 4.2%

Largest companies

Largest semiconductor companies (annual semiconductor sales leaders)
Rank2021 [22] 2020 [23] 2018 [24] 2017 [24] 2011 [25] 2006 [26] 2000 [26] 1995 [26] 1992 [27] 1990 [26] 1986 [28] 1985 [26] 1975 [28]
1 Samsung Intel Samsung Samsung Intel Intel Intel Intel NEC NEC NEC NEC TI
2 Intel Samsung Intel Intel Samsung Samsung Toshiba NEC Toshiba Toshiba Toshiba TI Motorola
3 SK Hynix TSMC SK Hynix TSMC TSMC TI NEC Toshiba Intel Hitachi Hitachi Motorola Philips
4 Micron SK Hynix TSMC SK Hynix TI Toshiba Samsung Hitachi Motorola Intel ? Hitachi ?
5 Qualcomm Micron Micron Micron Toshiba ST TI Motorola Hitachi Motorola ? Toshiba
6 Nvidia Qualcomm Broadcom Broadcom Renesas Renesas Motorola Samsung TI Fujitsu ? Fujitsu
7 Broadcom Broadcom Qualcomm Qualcomm Qualcomm Hynix ST TI ? Mitsubishi ? Philips
8 TI Nvidia Toshiba TI ST Freescale Hitachi IBM Mitsubishi TI ? Intel
9 Mediatek TI TI Toshiba Hynix NXP Infineon Mitsubishi ? Philips ? National
10 AMD Infineon Nvidia Nvidia Micron NEC Philips Hyundai ? Panasonic ? Panasonic
Major semiconductor companies
NameCountryManufacturer type [29] Hardware products
Samsung Electronics Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea IDM NAND flash memory, DRAM, CMOS sensor, RF transceivers, OLED display, SSD
Intel Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDM x86-64 microprocessor, GPU, SSD, DRAM
TSMC Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Pure-play
SK Hynix [lower-alpha 1] Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea IDMflash memory, DRAM, SSD, CMOS sensor
Micron [lower-alpha 2] Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDMDRAM, NAND flash, SSD, NOR flash, Managed NAND, multichip packages
Qualcomm Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless RF module, digital signal processor, Snapdragon system on chip
Broadcom Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless Broadband/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth modems, Custom DSP & ARM CPUs
Kioxia [lower-alpha 3] Flag of Japan.svg  Japan IDM NAND flash memory, SSD
Texas Instruments (TI)Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDM Microcontroller, SoC, DSP, Amplifiers, data converters
Analog Devices [lower-alpha 4] Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDMAmplifiers, data converters, audio & video products, RF & microwave, sensors, MEMS
Microchip Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDM Microcontrollers and analog semiconductors
NXP Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands IDM PMIC, Media processor, MIFARE, LPC
MediaTek Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Fabless SoC, chipset, CPU, GPU, DSP
Infineon [lower-alpha 5] Flag of Germany.svg  Germany IDMMicrocontrollers and power semiconductor devices
Bosch Flag of Germany.svg  Germany IDM
STMicroelectronics Flag of France.svg  France /Flag of Italy.svg  Italy IDM ASIC, Microcontrollers
Sony Flag of Japan.svg  Japan IDM Active-pixel sensor, NAND flash memory
ARM Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom FablessMicroprocessor
AMD Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless x86-64 CPU, GPU, motherboard chipset, SDRAM
Nvidia Flag of the United States.svg  United States FablessGPU
ON Semiconductor Flag of the United States.svg  United States IDM
UMC Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Pure-play
Apple Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless Apple silicon
IBM Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless IBM Power microprocessors, z/Architecture
Mitsubishi Electric Flag of Japan.svg  Japan IDMPower semiconductor devices
Tower Semiconductor Flag of Israel.svg  Israel IDM
Xilinx Flag of the United States.svg  United States Fabless programmable logic device
SMIC Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Pure-play
Nordic Semiconductor Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Fabless Bluetooth, Wifi, Low Power Cellular

Notes:


Device shipments

Semiconductor devices (est. million manufactured units) [30]
Year Optoelectronics Sensor / Actuator MOSFET [31]
1960–2001??2,900,000,000,000,000
200223,1641,654
200328,9552,482
200438,0563,310
200544,6754,137
2006 [32] 55,4294,137
2007 [33] 67,8394,136
200876,9394,964
200991,0034,964
201097,6226,619
2011110,0318,273
2012129,88611,583
2013131,54114,064
2014–2015??10,100,000,000,000,000
2016 [34] [35] 217,20017,376
2017–2018??
1960–20181,112,340+87,699+13,000,000,000,000,000

Integrated circuits

Integrated circuit chips (est. million manufactured units) [30]
Year MOS memory MPU / MCU Analog Logic ASIC ASSP Total
1960–1991?15,000 [36] ????350,000 [36]
1992 [37] 3,706
1993 [37] 4,060
1994 [37] 4,938
1995 [37] 6,092
1996 [37] 6,206
19977,155 [38] ?????60,100 [33]
1998–1999???????
2000 [39] ??????89,100
2001???????
20029,1006,61924,81911,5822,48223,99278,594
200310,7556,61830,61114,0641,65525,64689,349
200413,2379,10033,09214,0641,65433,092104,239
200515,7198,27337,22914,8912,48138,056116,649
2006 [32] 18,20110,75543,02018,2002,48245,501141,600
2007 [33] 23,99212,40948,81118,2013,30945,502156,000
200825,64612,41049,63918,2001,65547,156154,706
200928,12811,58243,02014,8922,48243,847143,951
2010 [39] 33,91916,54657,08419,0281,65457,911189,800
201133,91917,37456,25619,0281,65558,738186,970
201234,74717,37357,08417,3731,65557,083185,315
201333,91916,54667,83918,2012,48164,530203,516
2014?18,600 [40] ?????
2015?22,058 [41] ????235,600 [39]
2016 [34] [35] 43,44021,174 [41] 130,32052,128??342,416
2017?25,797 [41] ????581,321 [42]
2018??????634,700 [42]
1960–2018356,879+274,298+635,804+249,852+25,645+541,054+4,043,926+

Discrete devices

Discrete devices (est. million manufactured units) [43] [30]
Year Discrete transistors Diode Total
Power Small-signal Total
1954–1956 [44] ??28?28+
1957 [44] ??30?30+
1958–1962?????
1963 [44] ??303?303+
1964–1965?????
1966 [45] ??968?968+
1967 [45] ??881?881+
1968 [45] ??997?997+
1969 [44] ??1,249?1,249+
1970 [45] ??914?914+
1971 [44] ??881?881+
1972–2001?????
2002????232,472
2003????245,708
2004????287,901
2005????290,382
2006 [32] ????321,820
2007 [33] ????356,566
2008????324,301
2009????289,555
201053,000 [46] ?53,000+?371,458
201145,000110,000155,000143,000356,000
2012????345,812
201344,000103,000147,000146,000358,000
201448,000109,000157,000154,000380,000
2015 [39] 52,000107,000159,000150,000372,000
2016 [34] 53,300?53,300+?382,272
201758,100?58,100+?58,100+
201862,800?62,800+?62,800+
1954–2018416,200+429,000+851,451+593,000+5,041,398+

Sales

Manufacturers headquartered in the following places are the sales leaders in the pure-play foundry, IDM (integrated device manufacturing), fabless manufacturing and OSAT (outsourced semiconductor assembly and testing) sectors of the industry. [29]

Rank Foundry IDM Fabless OSAT
1Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Flag of the United States.svg  United States Flag of the United States.svg  United States Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan
2Flag of the United States.svg  United States Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Flag of the United States.svg  United States
3Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
4Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea Flag of Europe.svg  European Union Flag of Europe.svg  European Union Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
5Flag of Israel.svg  Israel Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Flag of Japan.svg  Japan

Manufacturers headquartered in the United States have fabrication plants across the world, including over 50% in the Americas, 39% in the Asia-Pacific region (including 9% in Japan), and 9% in Europe. [29]

See also

Notes

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronics</span> Branch of physics and electrical engineering

Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles. Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs from it in that it focuses on using active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog signals to digital signals. Electronics also encompasses the fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which deal with the fabrication and application of electronic devices at microscopic, nanoscopic, optical, and quantum scales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated circuit</span> Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material

An integrated circuit, also known as a microchip, chip or IC, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components are etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and televisions, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. They have greatly impacted the field of electronics by enabling device miniaturization and enhanced functionality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semiconductor device fabrication</span> Manufacturing process used to create integrated circuits

Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to manufacture semiconductor devices, typically integrated circuits (ICs) such as computer processors, microcontrollers, and memory chips that are present in everyday electronic devices. It is a multiple-step photolithographic and physio-chemical process during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer, typically made of pure single-crystal semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semiconductor device</span> Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials

A semiconductor device is an electronic component that relies on the electronic properties of a semiconductor material for its function. Its conductivity lies between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor devices have replaced vacuum tubes in most applications. They conduct electric current in the solid state, rather than as free electrons across a vacuum or as free electrons and ions through an ionized gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TSMC</span> Taiwanese semiconductor foundry company

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited is a Taiwanese multinational semiconductor contract manufacturing and design company. It is the world's second most valuable semiconductor company, the world's largest dedicated independent ("pure-play") semiconductor foundry, and its country's largest company, with headquarters and main operations located in the Hsinchu Science Park in Hsinchu, Taiwan. It is majority owned by foreign investors, and the central government of Taiwan is the largest shareholder. In 2023, the company was ranked 44th in the Forbes Global 2000.

The foundry model is a microelectronics engineering and manufacturing business model consisting of a semiconductor fabrication plant, or foundry, and an integrated circuit design operation, each belonging to separate companies or subsidiaries.

Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in the United States, China, and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.

Wafer fabrication is a procedure composed of many repeated sequential processes to produce complete electrical or photonic circuits on semiconductor wafers in semiconductor device fabrication process. Examples include production of radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, LEDs, optical computer components, and microprocessors for computers. Wafer fabrication is used to build components with the necessary electrical structures.

An integrated device manufacturer (IDM) is a semiconductor company which designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit (IC) products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semiconductor fabrication plant</span> Factory where integrated circuits are manufactured

In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant is a factory for semiconductor device fabrication.

The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device. It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity. The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observes that transistor count doubles approximately every two years. However, being directly proportional to the area of a chip, transistor count does not represent how advanced the corresponding manufacturing technology is: a better indication of this is transistor density.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronics industry</span> Industry that focuses in the electronics production

The electronics industry is the economic sector that produces electronic devices. It emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the largest global industries. Contemporary society uses a vast array of electronic devices that are built in factories operated by the industry, which are almost always partially automated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-project wafer service</span>

Multi-project chip (MPC), and multi-project wafer (MPW) semiconductor manufacturing arrangements allow customers to share tooling and microelectronics wafer fabrication cost between several designs or projects.

The "14 nanometer process" refers to a marketing term for the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the "22 nm" node. The "14 nm" was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following "22 nm" was expected to be "16 nm". All "14 nm" nodes use FinFET technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.

The term die shrink refers to the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices. The act of shrinking a die creates a somewhat identical circuit using a more advanced fabrication process, usually involving an advance of lithographic nodes. This reduces overall costs for a chip company, as the absence of major architectural changes to the processor lowers research and development costs while at the same time allowing more processor dies to be manufactured on the same piece of silicon wafer, resulting in less cost per product sold.

GlobalFoundries Inc. (GF) is a multinational semiconductor contract manufacturing and design company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and headquartered in Malta, New York. Created by the divestiture of the manufacturing arm of AMD, the company was privately owned by Mubadala Investment Company, a sovereign wealth fund of the United Arab Emirates, until an initial public offering (IPO) in October 2021.

This article lists rankings of semiconductor equipment suppliers by sales.

The semiconductor industry, including Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing, design, and packaging, forms a major part of Taiwan's IT industry. Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself as a leading microchip manufacturer and dominate the global marketplace. Taiwan’s semiconductor sector accounted for US$115 billion, around 20 percent of the global semiconductor industry. In sectors such as foundry operations, Taiwanese companies account for 50 percent of the world market, with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) the biggest player in the foundry market.

The Chinese semiconductor industry, including integrated circuit design and manufacturing, forms a major part of mainland China's information technology industry.

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