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José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 December 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880 and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period from 1876 to 1911 is often referred to as the Porfiriato, and has been characterized as a de facto dictatorship.
Eugène Rouher was a French statesman of the Second Empire.
The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. The contenders fought over claims to the throne, although some political differences also existed. Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlists — followers of Don Carlos (1788–1855), an infante, and of his descendants — rallied to the cry of "God, Country, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition against liberalism, and later the republicanism, of the Spanish governments of the day. The Carlist Wars had a strong regional component, given that the new order called into question region–specific law arrangements and customs kept for centuries.
Manuel del Refugio González Flores was a Mexican military general and liberal politician who served as the 35th President of Mexico from 1880 to 1884.
Liberalism in Mexico was part of a broader nineteenth-century political trend affecting Western Europe and the Americas, including the United States, that challenged entrenched power. In Mexico, liberalism sought to make fundamental the equality of individuals before the law, rather than their benefiting from special privileges of corporate entities, especially the Roman Catholic Church, the military, and indigenous communities. Liberalism viewed universal, free, secular education as the means to transform Mexico's citizenry. Early nineteenth-century liberals promoted the idea of economic development in the overwhelmingly rural country where much land was owned by the Catholic Church and held in common by indigenous communities to create a large class of yeoman farmers. Liberals passed a series of individual Reform laws and then wrote a new constitution in 1857 to give full force to the changes. Liberalism in Mexico "was not only a political philosophy of republicanism but a package including democratic social values, free enterprise, a legal bundle of civil rights to protect individualism, and a group consciousness of nationalism." Mexican liberalism is most closely associated with anticlericalism. Mexican liberals looked to the U.S. as their model for development and actively sought the support of the U.S., while Mexican conservatives looked to Europe.
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess de Sá da Bandeira was a Portuguese nobleman and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal for five times. He was the most prominent Portuguese defender of the abolition of slavery in Portugal and its domains.
Juan Nepomuceno Méndez Sánchez was a Mexican general, a Liberal politician and confidant of Porfirio Díaz, and interim president of the Republic for a few months during the Porfiriato. He served from 6 December 1876 until 17 February 1877.
The Leominster by-election was a by-election held on 15–16 February 1876 for the British House of Commons constituency of Leominster in Herefordshire.
The 1912 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held in the United Kingdom on 24 January 1912 for the Carmarthen Boroughs constituency in Wales. The constituency of Carmarthen Boroughs was centred on the boroughs of Carmarthen and Llanelli. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
The 1876 Frome by-election was fought on 23 November 1876. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Lopes in order to become a Judge of the High Court of Justice. It was won by the Liberal candidate Henry Samuelson.
The 1876 Donegal by-election was fought on 26 August 1876. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Thomas Conolly. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Wilson, who beat the Liberal candidate, Thomas Lea, former member for Kidderminster, by 1,975 votes to 1,876, a majority of 99.
The 1876 Leeds by-election was fought on 15 August 1876. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Robert Meek Carter. It was won by the Liberal candidate John Barran.
The 1876 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election was fought on 14 August 1876. The by-election was called following the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Charles William Nevill. It was won by the Liberal candidate Arthur Cowell-Stepney, who was returned unopposed.
The 1876 Birmingham by-election was fought on 27 June 1876. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, George Dixon. It was won by the Liberal candidate Joseph Chamberlain, who was unopposed.
The 1876 West Aberdeenshire by-election was fought on 10 May 1876. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, William McCombie. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord Douglas Gordon.
The 1876 East Cumberland by-election was fought on 26 April 1876. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Nicholson Hodgson. It was won by the Liberal candidate Stafford Howard.
The 1876 Horsham by-election was held on 29 February 1876. The byelection was fought due to the previous by-election being declared void. This had resulted in the election of the Liberal MP Robert Henry Hurst (junior).
The 1876 Burnley by-election was held on 12 February 1876. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Richard Shaw. It was won by the Liberal candidate Peter Rylands.
The 1875 Horsham by-election was fought on 17 December 1875. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Vesey-FitzGerald, who became Chief Charity Commissioner for England and Wales. It was won by the Liberal candidate Robert Henry Hurst (junior). who had previously been MP for the seat but was defeated at the previous General Election.
The 1874 City of Durham by-election was fought on 13 June 1874. The byelection was fought due to the voiding of the incumbent Liberal MP, Thomas Charles Thompson's election. It was retained by the Liberal candidate Farrer Herschell.
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