1900s in Angola

Last updated
Part of a series on
20th century of Angola
Decades
See also
This article covers the period of 1900 to 1909, not Angola in the 20th century

In the 1900s in Angola the colonial economy expanded despite domestic unrest.

Contents

Economy

In 1900, António de Sousa Lara, the company "Ferreira Marques & Fonseca" of João Ferreira Gonçalves - a noted capitalist, and financier, Commander of the Order of Christ, owner of Horta-Seca Palace in Lisbon - and the Bensaúde firm created the Commercial Company of Angola (Companhia Comercial de Angola). Lara and Ferreira Gonçalves established his first sugar mill in 1901, expanding his sugar-cane plantations in Benguela to 1,000 acres (4 km2) of land in 1915. He employed a thousand workers and produced 2,500,000 pounds of sugar annually. He used the profits from his initial investment to build a railroad to his personal port. The CCA became the largest trading company in the Angolan colony. [1]

In 1901, the Portuguese government imposed a quota of 6,000 tons of sugar production per year on Angola and Mozambique. [2]

Slavery and conquest

The price of rubber declined in the 1900s, prompting a revolt in 1902. The uprising, the last attempt by the Ovimbundu peoples to resist Portuguese colonization, pitted rival traders against one another. However, while the Portuguese maintained ethnic and national solidarity, the Ovimbundu continued to engage in slave raids. The Portuguese suppressed the rebellion and annexed the Central Highlands. [3] Degredado settlers and Boer farmers stole natives' lands, impressing and deporting workers to plantations. Portuguese authorities arrested the king of Bailundo after an Ovimbundu celebration in which natives consumed Portuguese rum, allegedly without paying. The king's advisor, Mutu ya Kevela, allied with Bailundo's neighboring kingdoms and launched a liberation war. He told his council, rallying them to fight, "Before the traders came we had our own home-brewed beer, we lived long lives and were strong." Kevela's troops killed Portuguese colonists and burned down their trading posts. Native victories spread towards Bié, but Portuguese troops stationed in Benguela and Moçâmedes put down the revolt. The war ended in 1903, almost two years later, with the Portuguese victorious and Kevela dead. [4] [5]

Thomas Fowell Buxton, at the time a member (and later President) of the Aborigines' Protection Society, wrote to Portugal's representatives in the United Kingdom in December 1902, inquiring about the state and extent of slavery in Angola. The Portuguese government replied to his letter in February 1903, denying the existence of slavery its colonies and deriding the "imagination of certain philanthropists." [6]

In 1904, the Kwanyama Ovambo defeated the Portuguese, eradicating the Portuguese force with assistance from German-run South-West Africa which wanted to wrest control of Angola from the Portuguese. In 1905 the population grew to just under 11,000. The population of Boer and Madeiran colonists in Lubango grew to 2,000 in 1904. [7]

In 1914, the Mbunda waged an armed campaign in southeastern Angola to resist Portuguese colonial occupation[ citation needed ].

Colonial governors

  1. Francisco Xavier Cabral de Oliveira Moncada, Governor-General of Angola (1900–1903)
  2. Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa, Governor-General of Angola (1903–1904)
  3. Custódio Miguel de Borja, Governor-General of Angola (1904)
  4. António Duarte Ramada Curto, Governor-General of Angola (1904–1905)
  5. Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa, Governor-General of Angola (1906–1907)
  6. Henrique Mitchell de Paiva, Governor-General of Angola (1907–1909)
  7. Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira, Governor-General of Angola (1909)
  8. José Augusto Alves Roçadas, Governor-General of Angola (1909–1910)

See also

Related Research Articles

Culture of Angola

The culture of Angola is influenced by the Portuguese. Portugal occupied the coastal enclave Luanda, and later also Benguela, since the 16th/17th centuries, and expanded into the territory of what is now Angola in the 19th/20th centuries, ruling it until 1975. Both countries share cultural aspects: language (Portuguese) and main religion. However, present-day Angolan culture is mostly native Bantu, which was mixed with Portuguese culture. The diverse ethnic communities with their own cultural traits, traditions and native languages or dialects include the Ovimbundu, Ambundu, Bakongo, Chokwe, Avambo and other peoples.

Huambo Municipality in Angola

Huambo, formerly Nova Lisboa, is the third largest city in Angola, after the capital city Luanda and Lubango, with a population of 595,304 in the city and a population of 713,134 in the municipality of Huambo. The city is the capital of the province of Huambo and is located about 220 km E from Benguela and 600 km SE from Luanda. Huambo is a main hub on the Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (CFB), which runs from the port of Lobito to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's southernmost province, Katanga. Huambo is served by the Albano Machado Airport.

Namibe Province Province of Angola

Namibe Province is a province of Angola. Under Portuguese rule it was the Moçâmedes District. It has an area of 57,091 km² and had a 2014 census population of 495,326. The port and city of Moçâmedes is the capital of the province with a population of 250,000 in 2014. Iona National Park lies within the province.

Alda Ferreira Pires Barreto de Lara Albuquerque, known as Alda Lara was a Portuguese-language Angolan poet.

Ovimbundu

The Ovimbundu, also known as the Southern Mbundu, are a Bantu ethnic group who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola and in the coastal strip west of these highlands. As the largest ethnic group in Angola, they make up 38 percent of the country's population. Overwhelmingly the Ovimbundu follow Christianity, mainly the Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (IECA), founded by American missionaries, and the Catholic Church. However, some still retain beliefs and practices from African traditional religions.

Cuíto Municipality in Bié Province, Angola

Cuíto, formerly known as Silva Porto, is a city and municipality in central Angola, capital of Bié Province. The municipality had a population of 450,881 in 2014. Projected to be the tenth fastest growing city on the African continent between 2020 and 2025, with a 5.56% growth.

Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro 19/20th-century Portuguese soldier, colonial governor, and politician

Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro was a Portuguese soldier, colonial governor, monarchist politician and counter-revolutionary; he was notable for his role during the colonial occupation of Angola and Mozambique and for his dedication to the Monarchist Cause during the period of the First Portuguese Republic through the founding of the Monarchy of the North.

António da Silva Porto Portuguese explorer

António Francisco Ferreira da Silva Porto was a Portuguese trader and explorer in Angola, in the Portuguese West Africa.

Bailundo revolt Insurrection in Angola

The Bailundo revolt was an insurrection launched by the Ovimbundu kingdom of Bailundo and its allies against the Portuguese Empire. The revolt was prompted by the sudden decline of the price of root rubber, pitting the indigenous population against European immigrants and aboriginal loyalists. The revolt lasted between 1902 and 1904, ending in a Portuguese victory.

In the 1920s in Angola mining became the primary source of revenue for the colonial government.

Ganguela

Ganguela or Nganguela is the name of a small ethnic group living in Angola, but since colonial times the term has been applied to a number of peoples East of the Bié Plateau. In addition to the Nganguela proper, this ethnographic category includes the Lwena (Luena), the Luvale, the Mbunda, the Lwimbi, the Camachi and others.

References

  1. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1985). The Third Portuguese Empire. p. 105.
  2. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1985). The Third Portuguese Empire. p. 88.
  3. ↑ Stearns, Peter N.; William Leonard Langer (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. p. 595.
  4. ↑ Walker, John Frederick (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola . pp.  40–41.
  5. ↑ Rotberg, Robert I. (1965). A Political History of Tropical Africa . pp.  302.
  6. ↑ Satre, Lowell Joseph (1913). Chocolate on Trial. pp. 1911–1913.
  7. ↑ Fage, John Donnelly; Desmond J. Clark; A. D. Roberts; Roland Oliver (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa: 1905 to 1940. p. 521.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.