On 2 July 1976, a force of one thousand insurgents of Sadiq al Mahdi followers, armed and trained by Libya, crossed the border from Ma'tan as-Sarra and attempted military coup in Khartoum, Sudan, against the government of President Gaafar al-Nimeiry. Al-Mahdi's force, led by Muhammad Nour Saad, was defeated after a tank battalion struck into the city following three days of heavy fighting. 3000 were killed and ninety-eight people were implicated and executed.
In early 1972, Gaafar Nimeiry came on a visit to Saudi Arabia. On that visit, King Faisal arranged a meeting between Nimeiri and Sharif Hussein al-Hindi (leader of the opposition) at the Al-Hamra Palace in Jeddah. The King expressed to the two parties his desire to clear the air. The dialogue began, and Sharif talked about the Aba Island massacre on 27 March 1970 and Wad Nubawi massacre on 29 March 1970 against the Ansar. Nimeiri replied that it was the work of the communists. Al-Sharif began to criticize the May 25 regime, regarding confiscations and nationalisation, and democracy. Sharif asked Nimeiri to correct the mistakes, after which he could join him.[1]
For his part, Numeiri asked Al-Sharif to accept being Vice President of the Republic, after which democracy will come, but Sharif did not show interest, and made it clear to him that he was not seeking personal gain. Sharif spoke to Nimeiri, if he was about to be serious, then he must implement what he put forward with a public declaration. Nimeiry agreed, and the six-hour meeting adjourned.[1]
Sharif contacted his supporters at home, and a committee led by Muhammad Hamza moved to arrange a meeting with Nimeiri, expecting the regime to change its course. The meeting was set at the Khartoum Racing Club, in April 1972. The Democratic Unionist Party and other parties waitied to hear a speech from President Nimeiri of national reconciliation. However, they were disappointed that President Nimeiri did not announce the reconciliation with the political parties and their participation in power.[1]
Despite Sharif Hussein al-Hindi's adherence to the principles of democracy, he was convinced that the use of armed forces to overthrow the Mayian regime was necessary. Sharif Hussein, who was head of the National Front, decided to move the resistance camps from the Ethiopian border to Libya with the help of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi who felt that Gaafar al-Nimeiry had betrayed the Arab due to the signing of the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement with South Sudan region, ending the first Sudanese civil war.[2] Nimeiry also promised to join the Federation of Arab Republics in 1971 but did not join until Libya abandoned the FAC in 1976. Gaddafi began establishing camps in Ma'tan as-Sarra, Kufra District, which is better than, considering crossing the desert directly to Omdurman.[1] Gaddafi started stockpiling weapons in the base.[3]
Sharif laid out his plan to invade Khartoum, as when it is occupied, the regime would fall. Sharif Hussein supervised the establishment of training camps in Libya and sought the help of the Muslim Brotherhood.[1]
Sadiq al-Mahdi was released from the detention centre in late 1972, and immediately fled Sudan and started watching the progress of the training operations. Sharif relinquished the presidency of the National Front to Sadiq al-Mahdi, who began a new phase after the failure of the Shaaban uprising in 1973 and the failure of Hassan Hussein Othman's coup in 1975.[1]
Sudan's General Intelligence Service knew about the plan and kept quiet about it, and began monitoring and following up the affairs of the camps in Libya. As for the military intelligence, it adhered to the traditional pattern of military coups, despite being enlightened that there was a possibility of an attack by an invading force on the morning of 2 July 1976.[1][4]
The coup
One thousand followers of Sudanese opposition leader Sadiq al-Mahdi stormed Khartoum after leaving the oasis and crossing northern Darfur and Kordofan.[5] The troops were commanded by Brigadier GeneralMuhammad Nour Saad who was fired from the Sudanese Armed Forces in 1974 after being accused of plotting a coup.[6][7] To avoid drawing attention, they arrived in Khartoum inconspicuously, disguising themselves in traditional Sudanese white robes and staying at local hotels. Each member carried two suitcases, filled with money and disassembled machine gun and ammunition. The group comprised various political dissidents who sought refuge in Libya under Muammar Gaddafi's protection. They believed that the Sudanese people would embrace them as liberators, thanks to Gaddafi's support and weaponry.[5][8]
The rebel officers reportedly initiated the coup the moment President Nimeiry arrived at Khartoum airport at dawn on that day coming from official visits to Washington DC and Paris. Their plan was to arrest the President, but their attempt was met with resistance from loyalist forces.[9][10]
On Friday, 2 July 1976 at three o'clock in the afternoon, the residents of some areas in Khartoum heard the sound of gunshots and the sound of bombs in separate areas of the capital. The attackers uniforms were different from the military uniform, consisting of long white pants, and a long white “Araqi” shirt over it. All the new-made vehicles were covered in dust. The armed men were asking passers-by about the location of the General Command Headquarter which was later surrounded.[11] However, the residents of Khartoum were terrified by this foreign group and did not welcome them as liberators. Many suffered and died as a result, holding the sentiment that though President Nimeiry might be a dictator, he was still their own.[5]
With the intensity of bullets increasing in intensity in several places in the center of Khartoum for long hours, families rushed to stay in their homes, but what increased people's anxiety, that the radio transmission had completely stopped broadcasting, and the phones were broken due to the Telecommunications Authority falling into the hands of the militant. Despite their lack of knowledge of the geography of Khartoum and Omdurman, they were able to occupy the most important centers and main streets in Khartoum and imposed their full control over them.[11][12]
The insurgents engaged in three days of house-to-house fighting in Khartoum and Omdurman that killed some 3000 people.[13] Officers and soldiers in the armed forces, who were at the time in their homes, could not reach the general command, as all the main and secondary roads leading to the command were located under the grip of the militants,[11] who their sub-machine guns outmatched the Sudanese army, forcing them to retreat to the desert on the opposite side of the Nile River.[5] The Khartoum International Airport had fallen into their grip for three full days, during which they prevented the landing or take-off of planes, and great vandalism had occurred in the airport buildings.[11]Bona Malwal, Minister of Culture and Information at the time, and Abel Alier, Second Vice President of Sudan, continued to broadcast the news from Juba instead from Omdurman. During that time, Nimeiry was able to rally the nation via Radio Juba.[14][15]
Nimeiri's voice came over the radio. He confirmed through a speech to the people, that the country had been subjected to an invasion by mercenaries who came from Libya with the aim of changing the status quo in the country, and that many of these mercenaries are still in the capital. Nimeiri issued his strict directives to each officers and soldiers to "eliminate mercenaries without mercy or pity".[11][4][10]
The insurgent army held Khartoum for a while, but their supplies eventually ran out. The usual food shipments from rural areas were halted by Nimeiry's resistance forces, and the city's inhabitants were unwilling to part with their small stashes of food. After a week of starvation, the insurgent army, despite their weapons advantage, could not continue fighting without sustenance. Taking advantage of this weakness, Nimeiry's forces reentered Khartoum.[9][16]
On July 5 at eleven o'clock in the morning, the armed forces began to recover the important sites in Khartoum, and after unequal battles between the two parties in terms of equipment and military equipment. El-Sa'ka Forces landed on the roof of the Telecommunications Authority building. A fierce battle took place that increased the destruction of the building and equipment, the battle ended with 124 dead from both sides. After which the armed forces occupied the building and surrounded it with armored vehicles The armed forces also easily recovered the radio and television building. Captured militants were immediately executed.[11]
The loyalist forces retook the Shagara Tanks Military Camp in Khartoum's residential area.[13] A column of army tanks entered the city and roamed the streets of Khartoum with no resistance from the armed militia who remained alive. [17]
Aftermath
The coup's failure was announced by the Sudanese Government, and "mopping-up" operations were reported to be ongoing.[9] Searches for the militants began. Many foreigners and expatriates from neighbouring countries, who originally had no interest in the events in Khartoum, were arrested. They were dragged to the Green Belt area, south of Khartoum, where they were executed without trials, including many Ethiopians and Eritreans. One officer said "We used to order the detainees to dig graves, and after they finished digging and deepening them, we would order them to lie down inside. Then the soldiers would shoot, and another batch of detainees will fill the graves and dig new ones."[11]
Some 3000 were killed during the coup.[13] Ninety-eight people were officially implicated in the plot, including Muhammad Nour Saad, and they were executed.[18][19] The coup attempt sparked national resentment against the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.[20]
Sadiq al-Mahdi sworn into the government after the 1977 National Reconciliation
In 1977, a National Reconciliation took place between Sadiq al Mahdi, the leader of the opposition who was based abroad, and Nimeiry. A limited measure of pluralism was allowed and Sadiq al Mahdi and members of the Democratic Unionist Party joined the legislature under the umbrella of the Sudan Socialist Union. Hassan al-Turabi, an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, was invited back and became Justice Minister and Attorney General in 1979.[21] Relations between Khartoum and the South Sudan leadership worsened after the National Reconciliation due to the shift to Sharia law,[22] and adopting Arabic as the country official language.[23] The National Reconciliation itself came to a premature end in light of disagreements between the opposition and Nimeiry.[24]
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