Bona Malwal

Last updated

It is necessary for the Government of Southern Sudan, therefore, led by the SPLM/SPLA that was largely responsible for the war atrocities within Southern Sudan, to now establish a truth and reconciliation commission, to lay to rest the ghosts of war and to enable the society to reconcile and to move on

— Bona Malwa, during the 15th anniversary commemoration of the death of Joseph Oduhow [58]

In October 2008, Malwal voiced concerns about the potential arrest warrant for al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He dismissed the ICC's move as a politically motivated and defended al-Bashir, claiming that indicting him would target Sudan as a sovereign nation and could negatively impact existing peace agreements. He emphasises that al-Bashir, as a leader, could not be able to order the extermination of any group. [56] On 4 March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC, for directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur. [59] [1]

Malwal was the co-director for the al-Bashir campaign for April 2010 Sudanese general election which al-Bashir won. [19] Malwal accompanied al-Bashir during his South Sudan campaign visit to Juba, Yambio, Rumbek, Tonj, and Kuacjok. [60] Malwal also stood for election for National Legislature in Warrap but later withdrew his candidacy citing "detention and harassment" by the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), [61] which the SPLA denies. [62] Malwal facilitated the reconciliation between 23 southern political parties and armed factions, and the SPLA. [7] [11]

In June 2011, after South Sudan was declared and recognised following the 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum, Malwal announced that he was retiring from politics. [3] In his retirement statement, Malwal warned against "tribal politics", and, reflecting on his time working with al-Bashir, he praised al-Bashir saying that "I commend his [al-Bashir] wisdom, fortitude, perseverance and statesmanship and applaud him and thank him for this." [63]

Political views

Malwal has been known for his strong political stances, which have sparked controversies as evidenced by his disagreement with Hassan al-Turabi [37] : 167  [64] and Sadiq al-Mahdi [19] for their role in imposing Islam and Arabic language on the south. Following the National Reconciliation in 1977 which brought al-Mahdi and al-Turabi back to politics, Malwal criticised the Arab countries, saying that they talk about Arab-Muslim Sudan as if the south were without people. He also stated that "the Arabs are biased towards the north, and call for the unity of Sudanese soil without regard for the southerners," noting that "the timing of the Arab contribution to development in the south raises doubts about their intentions." Regarding the situation of southerners in Sudan, he said, "During the colonial era, we were second-class citizens, but now we are fourth-class citizens." [65]

Since the inception of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) was founded in 1983, [66] Malwal has had long held sharp opinions against the group and its leader John Garang. Malwal accused the northern government and John Garang's movement of not being serious about achieving peace in South Sudan. [58] [65] In letters shared by the two that later became public, Malwal also urged Garang's deputy, Salva Kiir Mayardit, to oppose Garang. [7] In 2001, Malwal filled a defamation lawsuit and an injunction to restrain against Garang and Michael George Garang Deng. [67] Leaked diplomatic cables described him as a sworn enemy of Garang. [68] Following Garang death in 2005, in an official press release from the Chairman of Dinka Caucus of Mainstream Democratic Forum in the US, they alleged that Malwal attended Garang's funeral "to laugh at his dead body". [69] However, Malwal later reconciled with Garang's widow in 2019. [66]

Malwal has advocated for self-determination and secession of South Sudan. [25] [70] Malwal has faced criticism from political analysts and individuals who questioned his intentions and divisive politics. [71] These criticisms highlight concerns about the impact of his divisive political rhetoric and actions in fuelling conflicts. [72] [73] [74] [71] [75] For example, he has been accused of spreading hate messages against certain ethnic groups, such as the Nuer people. [76] In an article published in the Sudan Tribune in 2007, the Dinka members of the South Sudan Democratic Forum (SSDF) voiced their strong disapproval of Malwal, a prominent figure in the SSDF. They attributed the split within the party to Malwal's actions. The Dinka members accuse him of potentially jeopardising the party's electoral chances due to his association with a controversial government and making statements that could alienate Southerners. They further condemn Malwal for his past "racist" and "tribalistic" views towards other ethnic groups, particularly the Nuer and Equatorians. [69]

Malwal is also a member of the Jieng Council of Elders, [74] which is accused of widening the division between the Dinka and Nuer, [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] and undermining the United Nations Mission in South Sudan. [82]

Furthermore, a report suggested that Malwal and Francis Deng fuelled the Abyei conflict, between the Twic Mayardit Dinka of Warrap state and the Ngok Dinka, through their publications. [83] [84] In December 2017, Malwal stated in a press conference in Khartoum that Abyei, a region claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, is part of Sudan. [85] The statement angered South Sudanese politicians. [74] [86] [87] [88]

Personal life

Malwal is Catholic. [19] [7] He is married to Salwa Gabriel Berberi, [89] an international law expert [90] and diplomat in the South Sudanese government. [7] His son, Akuei, is a South Sudanese diplomat [19] and served as the Permanent Representative of South Sudan to the United Nations from 2016 [91] to 2023. [92] His other son, Makol, is a trustee of the Sudanese Programme. [93] [94] His daughter, Sandra, is the Secretary General of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-Democratic Change Party (Lam Akol faction). [95] His other daughter, Natalina, is an Executive Board Member and President of the Southern Sudanese Community in Montgomery County, Maryland, US. [96]

According to Malwal, his sister, who was a nurse, was captured into slavery. [97]

In the memory of the British anthropologist Godfrey Lienhardt (1921–1993), who extensively studied and wrote about the Dinka in southern Sudan, Malwal translated three Dinka songs about Lienhardt into English. [98]

Books

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1938, [3] 1937, [4] and 1935 [5] [6] were also mentioned as Malwal year of birth.
  2. ↑ Other sources mention that Malwal did his bachelor's at St. John's University (New York City) [10] [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudan</span> Country in East Africa

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea to the northeast, Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south, and the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.7 million people as of 2022 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011; since then both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital and most populous city is Khartoum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sudan</span>

The history of Sudan refers to the territory that today makes up Republic of the Sudan and the state of South Sudan, which became independent in 2011. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region, also known by the term "Sudan". The term is derived from Arabic: بلاد السودان bilād as-sūdān, or "land of the black people", and has sometimes been used more widely referring to the Sahel belt of West and Central Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaafar Nimeiry</span> President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985

Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was a Sudanese military officer and politician who served as the fourth head of state of Sudan from 1969 to 1985, first as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council and then as President.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dinka people</span> Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan

The Dinka people are a Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan. The Dinka mostly live along the Nile, from Mangalla-Jonglei to Renk, in the region of Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile, and the Abyei Area of the Ngok Dinka in South Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Sudanese Civil War</span> Conflict from 1983 to 2005 for South Sudanese independence

The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Garang</span> Sudanese politician (1945–2005)

Dr. John Garang de Mabior was a Sudanese politician and revolutionary leader. From 1983 to 2005, he led the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) during the Second Sudanese Civil War. He briefly served as First Vice President of Sudan for three weeks, from the comprehensive peace agreement of 2005 until his death in a helicopter crash on July 30, 2005. A developmental economist by profession, Garang was a major influence on the movement that led to the foundation of South Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salva Kiir Mayardit</span> President of South Sudan since 2011

Salva Kiir Mayardit, also known as Salva Kiir, is a South Sudanese politician who has been the President of South Sudan since its independence on 9 July 2011. Prior to independence, he was the President of the Government of Southern Sudan, as well as First Vice President of Sudan, from 2005 to 2011. He was named Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in 2005, following the death of John Garang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riek Machar</span> South Sudanese politician (born 1952)

Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon is a South Sudanese politician who served as the First Vice President of South Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</span> Political party in South Sudan

The Sudan People's Liberation Movement is a political party in South Sudan. It was initially founded as the political wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Army in 1983. On January 9, 2005 the SPLA, the SPLM and the Government of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, ending the civil war. SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan, and was the main constituent of the Government of the then semi-autonomous Southern Sudan. When South Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011, SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic. SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM, forming the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North. Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013–2014 South Sudanese Civil War, with President Salva Kiir leading the SPLM-Juba and former Vice President Riek Machar leading the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)</span> Government of Sudan from 1985 to 2019

This article covers the period of the history of Sudan between 1985 and 2019 when the Sudanese Defense Minister Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab seized power from Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry in the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état. Not long after, Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir, backed by an Islamist political party, the National Islamic Front, overthrew the short lived government in a coup in 1989 where he ruled as President until his fall in April 2019. During Bashir's rule, also referred to as Bashirist Sudan, or as they called themselves the al-Ingaz regime, he was re-elected three times while overseeing the independence of South Sudan in 2011. His regime was criticized for human rights abuses, atrocities and genocide in Darfur and allegations of harboring and supporting terrorist groups in the region while being subjected to United Nations sanctions beginning in 1995, resulting in Sudan's isolation as an international pariah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudanese Communist Party</span> Far-left political party in Sudan

The Sudanese Communist Party is a communist party in Sudan. Founded in 1946, it was a major force in Sudanese politics in the early post-independence years, and was one of the two most influential communist parties in the Arab world, the other being the Iraqi Communist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</span>

A referendum took place in Southern Sudan from 9 to 15 January 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or become independent. The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005 Naivasha Agreement between the Khartoum central government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abyei</span> Condominium of South Sudan and Sudan

The Abyei Area is an area of 10,546 km2 or 4,072 sq mi on the border between South Sudan and Sudan that has been accorded "special administrative status" by the 2004 Protocol on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. The capital of the Abyei Area is Abyei Town. Under the terms of the Abyei Protocol, the Abyei Area is considered, on an interim basis, to be simultaneously part of both the Republic of South Sudan and Republic of Sudan, effectively a condominium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)</span> Pre-independence region of ten states

Southern Sudan was an autonomous region consisting of the ten southern states of Sudan between its formation in July 2005 and independence as the Republic of South Sudan in July 2011. The autonomous government was initially established in Rumbek and later moved to Juba. It was bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; and the Central African Republic to the west. To the north lies the predominantly Arab and Muslim region directly under the control of the central government. The region's autonomous status was a condition of a peace agreement between the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the National Congress Party ending the Second Sudanese Civil War. The conflict was Africa's longest running civil war.

The history of South Sudan comprises the history of the territory of present-day South Sudan and the peoples inhabiting the region.

Ethnic violence in South Sudan has a long history among South Sudan's varied ethnic groups. South Sudan has 64 tribes with the largest being the Dinka, who constitute about 35% of the population and predominate in government. The second largest are the Nuers. Conflict is often aggravated among nomadic groups over the issue of cattle and grazing land and is part of the wider Sudanese nomadic conflicts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heglig Crisis</span> War fought between Sudan and South Sudan

The Heglig Crisis was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states. South Sudan invaded and briefly occupied the small border town of Heglig before being pushed back by the Sudanese army. Small-scale clashes continued until an agreement on borders and natural resources was signed on 26 September, resolving most aspects of the conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wunlit Peace Conference</span>

The Dinka–Nuer West Bank Peace & Reconciliation Conference of 1999 was held in what was then the Southern part of Sudan. It is commonly called the "Wunlit Peace Conference" after Wunlit, the village where it was held in eastern Tonj County in Bahr El Ghazal. The conference brought together Nuer from Western Upper Nile and Dinka from Tonj, Rumbek, and Yirol. It is the most prominent and comprehensively documented case of a people-to-people peace process in what is now the Republic of South Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abyei border conflict (2022–present)</span> Conflict in South Sudan

Between February 2022 and April 2023, clashes broke out in the Abyei area of South Sudan between Twic Dinka militias against Ngok Dinka militias, regarding control of the border between Abyei and South Sudan's Twic County. The conflict ended temporarily following a ceasefire between the Twic Dinka and Ngok Dinka in May 2023. In September 2023, attacks flared up in the border area between Abyei and Twic County between Twic Dinka and Ngok Dinka youth, with several massacres against Ngok Dinka.

Following South Sudan's independence, 45 prominent Jieng (Dinka) politicians and elders formed the Jieng Council of Elders, which is chaired by a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Ambrose Riiny Thiik. The JCE is a tribal advisory committee to South Sudan President Salva Kiir, and it has been accused by Justice Deng Biong of advising Kiir on "divisive ethnic policies". The JCE is often accused of being behind hardline SPLM policies, and radicalisation of young Dinka.

References

  1. 1 2 "Al Bashir Case". ICC. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. ↑ Harir, Sharif; Tvedt, Terje (1994). Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan. Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN   978-91-7106-346-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (4 September 2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. pp. 1258–1263. ISBN   978-1-5049-4346-8.
  4. 1 2 "Ministry of Information". وزارة الإعلام. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Anders, Breidlid (20 October 2014). A Concise History of South Sudan: New and Revised Edition. Fountain Publishers. p. 271. ISBN   978-9970-25-337-1.
  6. ↑ Publications, Publitec (22 December 2011). Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008. Walter de Gruyter. p. 673. ISBN   978-3-11-093004-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 leriche, john; matthew, leriche (1 January 2011), "Bona, Malwal", Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001, ISBN   978-0-19-538207-5 , retrieved 10 July 2023
  8. ↑ Ryle, John (12 October 1999). "Ranald Boyle". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  9. ↑ Deng, Francis Mading (2022). A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei (Report). Sudd Institute.
  10. ↑ AF Press Clips. Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State, U.S.A. 28 February 1977. p. 22.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Congress, The Library of. "Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 University of Durham. UKIRA - The vigilant Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Publications, Publitec (22 December 2011). Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008. Walter de Gruyter. p. 673. ISBN   978-3-11-093004-7.
  14. ↑ Collins, Robert O. The Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 91. ISBN   978-1-4128-3484-1.
  15. ↑ O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955-1972. Archon Books. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-208-01692-8.
  16. ↑ Eprile, Cecil (1974). War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955-1972. David & Charles. p. 53. ISBN   978-0-7153-6221-1.
  17. 1 2 Perlez, Jane; Times, Special To the New York (26 April 1990). "Islamic Militants Dominating Sudan, Exiles Assert". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Memorandum from Mr Bona Malwal, Editor and Publisher of Sudan Democratic Gazette". Parliament UK. 11 August 1998. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN   978-0-19-538207-5.
  20. ↑ Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign (1985). Foreign assistance legislation for fiscal years 1986-87: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  21. ↑ Pumphrey, Carolyn Wilson; Schwartz-Barcott, Rye (2003). Armed Conflict in Africa. Scarecrow Press. p. 312. ISBN   978-0-8108-4742-2.
  22. ↑ "Sudanese Programme". St Antony's College. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "About | The Sudanese Programme". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  24. ↑ Malwal, Bona (2015). "Sudan and South Sudan" (PDF). SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9781137437143. ISBN   978-1-349-49376-0.
  25. 1 2 de Waal, Alex de Waal (20 April 2015). "Bona Malwal's Truths". African Arguments. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2003). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. International African Institute. ISBN   978-0-85255-392-3.
  27. ↑ ابراهيم, يقول عيسى (31 May 2018). "الصلحي "للتغيير(5)": بونا ملوال أنقذني من حبل المشنقة" [El-Salahi “For Change (5)”: Bona Malwal saved me]. صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  28. ↑ Hudson, Mark (3 July 2013). "Ibrahim el-Salahi: from Sudanese prison to Tate Modern show". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  29. ↑ Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN   1-55876-405-4, p. 111
  30. ↑ Dennis Hevesi (11 June 2009). "Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  31. ↑ Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN   1-55876-405-4, p. 111
  32. ↑ Dennis Hevesi (11 June 2009). "Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  33. ↑ "تاريخ الانقلابات في السودان.. 35 انقلابًا في 63 سنة | تايم لاين في دقائق" [The history of coups in Sudan.. 35 coups in 63 years | Timeline in minutes]. دقائق.نت. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  34. ↑ "Sudan Executes 17 More in Coup Attempt". New York Times. 6 August 1976. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  35. ↑ "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  36. ↑ El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (1990). "'Discovering the South': Sudanese Dilemmas for Islam in Africa". African Affairs. 89 (356): 371–389. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098304. ISSN   0001-9909. JSTOR   722373. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  37. 1 2 Warburg, Gabriel (2003). Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya. Hurst & Company. ISBN   978-1-85065-588-6.
  38. ↑ Inbar, Efraim; Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (11 January 2013). Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN   978-1-136-31214-4.
  39. ↑ Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). "The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 624–637. ISSN   0026-3141. JSTOR   4328194. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  40. ↑ محمد, قلندر، محمود (2004). جنوب السودان: مراحل انهيار الثقة بينه وبين الشمال، ١٩٥٥-١٩٨٣ : قراءة تاريخية للمشكلة من منظور الاتصال الاجتماعي (in Arabic). دار الفكر،. p. 329. ISBN   978-1-59239-271-1.
  41. ↑ Deng, Francis M. (1998). "The Cow and the Thing Called "What": Dinka Cultural Perspectives on Wealth and Poverty". Journal of International Affairs. 52 (1): 101–129. ISSN   0022-197X. JSTOR   24357816. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  42. 1 2 3 Jok, Jok Madut (3 August 2010). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. ISBN   978-0-8122-0058-4.
  43. ↑ Jordaan, Lucinda (15 February 2024). "Tributes pour in for 'Dean of Sudanese press' and Golden Pen Laureate Mahjoub Mohammed Saleh Tributes pour in for 'Dean of Sudanese press' and Golden Pen Laureate Mahjoub Mohammed Saleh". WAN-IFRA. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  44. ↑ de Waal, Alex (April 2013). "Sudan's elusive democratisation: civic mobilisation, provincial rebellion and chameleon dictatorships". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 31 (2): 213–234. doi:10.1080/02589001.2013.786901. ISSN   0258-9001. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  45. ↑ DeWaal, Alex (12 March 2019). "Starvation as a Weapon of War in Southern Sudan, Thirty Years On". Reinventing Peace. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  46. ↑ "The Famine In Sudan, And The Human Rights Abuses That Caused It". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  47. ↑ Keen, David (1 November 1995). "The benefits of famine: a political economy of famine in southern Sudan". The Ecologist. 25 (6): 214–221.
  48. ↑ Prunier, Gérard (2 January 2016). "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two , by Bona Malwal: London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 232 pp. $110.00 cloth". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 7 (1): 101–104. doi:10.1080/21520844.2016.1147923. ISSN   2152-0844.
  49. ↑ Malwal, Bona; Kok, Peter N. (December 1994). Crisis in the Sudan: Re-Thinking the Future. Lilian Barber Press. ISBN   978-0-936508-35-1.
  50. ↑ "The Sudanese Programme | Conferences on Sudan & South Sudan". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  51. ↑ "Surviving Dictatorship | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  52. ↑ "Democratic Revolution in Africa | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  53. ↑ The Plight of Sudan - Charlie Rose, archived from the original on 7 December 2023, retrieved 17 March 2024
  54. ↑ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, p. 24, ISBN   978-0-691-12237-3.
  55. ↑ SudanTribune (19 April 2004). "Bona Malwal expresses support for peace, unity". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  56. 1 2 SudanTribune (27 October 2008). "Bona Malwal warns against arrest warrant for Sudan president". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  57. ↑ SudanTribune (25 September 2005). "Sudan new govt - Three presidential advisers sworn in". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  58. 1 2 SudanTribune (7 April 2008). "Bona Malwal urges establishment of reconciliation body in South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  59. ↑ "Genocide in Darfur". United Human Rights Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  60. ↑ SudanTribune (11 March 2010). "Omer Al Bashir campaigns in Rumbek". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  61. ↑ "خطاب سحب ترشيح بونا ملوال من الانتخابات البرلمانية بالجنوب". سودارس. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  62. ↑ SudanTribune (14 April 2010). "SPLA: Bona Malwal's withdrawal had nothing to do with harassment". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  63. ↑ SudanTribune (24 June 2011). "Bona Malwal: Tribal politics will divide independent South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  64. ↑ Warburg, Gabriel (1992). Historical Discord in the Nile Valley. Hurst. p. 137. ISBN   978-1-85065-140-6. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  65. 1 2 "ونا ملوال وزير الإعلام السوداني السابق: العرب منحازون للشمال كأنما الجنوب بلا بشر" [Bona Malwal, former Sudanese Minister of Information: Arabs are biased toward the North, as if the South had no human beings]. Middle East. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  66. 1 2 "مصالحة تاريخية في الجنوب بين بونا ملوال وأرملة قرنق - النيلين" [Historic reconciliation in the south between Bona Malwal and Garang's widow] (in Arabic). 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  67. ↑ "Sudan: Rebel Leader Sued for Defamation". 21 August 2001.
  68. ↑ Wël, PaanLuel (5 September 2011). "Wikileak on Bona Malwal". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  69. 1 2 SudanTribune (21 June 2007). "Dinka caucus of Democratic Forum condemn Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  70. ↑ زكي, بحيري، (2010). مشكلة جنوب السودان: بين التراث التاريخي والتطورات السياسية، 1955-2011 (in Arabic). ركائز المعرفة للدراسات والبحوث ؛. p. 184. ISBN   978-977-200-621-2. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  71. 1 2 SudanTribune (16 November 2005). "A moral case against Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  72. ↑ SudanTribune (13 July 2007). "South Sudan: Bona Malwal takes over the SPLA". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  73. ↑ "THE ARCHITECT OF A DIVIDED SOUTH SUDAN,BONA MALWAL, SPEW FIRES IN THE USA". southsudanliberty.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  74. 1 2 3 SudanTribune (6 January 2018). "Sayed Bona Malwal: A Sudanese Desperately Dreaming of Re-annexing South Sudan to Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  75. ↑ Allen, Tim (1989). "Full Circle?: An Overview of Sudan's 'Southern Problem' Since Independence". Northeast African Studies. 11 (2): 41–66. ISSN   0740-9133. JSTOR   43660274. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  76. ↑ southsudannews (26 March 2015). "The Architect of a Divided South Sudan, Bona Malwal". South Sudan News Agency. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  77. ↑ "South Sudan experiencing ethnic cleansing, UN report says". Star Tribune. 7 March 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  78. ↑ Post, Sudans (22 February 2021). "FULL-TEXT: Jieng Council of Elders statement on South Sudan crisis". Sudans Post. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  79. ↑ "[southsudankob] Jieng Council of Elders reject IGAD proposal on S. Sudan". www.mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  80. ↑ Thiong, Daniel Akech (22 July 2016). "Politics of fear in South Sudan". open Democracy.
  81. ↑ "Dinka council of elders welcomes Kiir's decision firing ministers allied to Machar". Radio Tamazuj. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  82. ↑ "Letter dated 19 September 2016 from the Panel of Experts on South Sudan established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2206 (2015) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council . 19 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  83. ↑ Chang, Koang (23 May 2022). "Report: Bona Malwal, Dr. Francis Deng fuelled Twic-Ngok conflict". Eye Radio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  84. ↑ "A year of agreements dishonoured". Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  85. ↑ SudanTribune (9 December 2017). "South Sudan's Bona Malwal maintains Abyei part of Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  86. ↑ SudanTribune (11 December 2017). "Response to Bona Malual statements on Abyei". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  87. ↑ says, Gordon Buay (10 December 2017). "Abyei and Bona Malwal: Are South Sudanese Sacrificing the Abyei Dinka to Khartoum?". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  88. ↑ الهامش, صوت (2 February 2018). "سيد بونا ملوال: السوداني الذى يحلم بإعادة ضم جنوب السودان للسودان(3-3)" [Sayed Bona Malwal: The Sudanese who dreams of re-annexing southern Sudan to Sudan]. صوت الهامش (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  89. ↑ SudanTribune (15 April 2011). "S. Sudan: Why the regional cooperatio?n undersecre?tary was axed". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  90. ↑ Post, Sudans (15 July 2022). "Makuei clashes with experts during closing session of public consultation". Sudans Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  91. ↑ "United Nations Photo - H.E. Mr. Akuei Bona Malwal, PR, Republic of South Sudan". dam.media.un.org. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  92. ↑ "New Permanent Representative of South Sudan Presents Credentials to the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva | UN GENEVA". www.ungeneva.org. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  93. ↑ "News". sudanese-programme. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  94. ↑ "THE SUDANESE PROGRAMME - Charity 1177019". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  95. ↑ SudanTribune (19 September 2011). "Three leading members resign from the opposition SPLM-DC". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  96. ↑ Wël, PaanLuel (7 September 2011). "Natalina Malwal awarded Pan African Diaspora Community Award". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  97. ↑ Bombay, Cal (13 April 2011). Let My People Go: A True Account of Present-Day Terrorism in Sudan. Crown Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-307-77822-2.
  98. ↑ Firth, Raymond (1999). "Special Issue of JASO in Memory of Godfrey Lienhardt". Anthropology Today. 15 (3): 14. ISSN   0268-540X. JSTOR   2678277. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
Bona Malwal
Born
Bona Malwal Madut Ring

1928 (age 95–96)
Twic State, Bahr El Ghazal, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (now South Sudan)
Education Indiana University (1963)
Columbia University (BA & MA, 1969)
Occupation(s)Journalist, Politician
Organization(s) St Antony's College, Oxford
Columbia University
Political party Jieng Council of Elders
Southern Sudan Democratic Forum
Southern Front
Movement South Sudanese self-determination
Opponents
Board member of
  • Sudan Democratic Gazette (1989–2001)
  • The Sudan Times (1986–1989)
  • Sudanow Magazine (1976–1978)
  • Al Sahafa (1974)
  • The Vigilant (1965–1969)
  • Sudan Daily (1961)
SpouseSalwa Gabriel Berberi
Parent
  • Madut Ring (father)
Minister of Culture and Information
In office
May 1973 –July 1978
International
National
Other
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.