2022 Kiribati constitutional crisis

Last updated
2022 Kiribati constitutional crisis
Coat of arms of Kiribati.svg
DateMay 2022 (2022-05) — December 2022 (2022-12)
CauseSuspension of High Court Judge David Lambourne, Chief Justice Bill Hastings and Court of Appeal Judges Sir Peter Blanchard, Rodney Hansen and Paul Heath.
Participants
• Government of Kiribati
• David Lambourne
• Bill Hastings
• Kiribati Court of Appeal
Outcome
  • Failed deportation attempt of David Lambourne
  • Appointment of Attorney General Tetiro Semilota as Acting Chief Justice

A constitutional crisis began in Kiribati when the Cabinet of Kiribati suspended two of its High Court Justices. High Court Judge David Lambourne was suspended in May 2022 while Chief Justice Bill Hastings was suspended on 30 June 2022, both over allegations of misconduct. [1] [2] A Court of Appeal ruling upheld an earlier ruling of Chief Justice Hastings that the government acted unconstitutionally in not permitting David Lambourne to resume his duties as a High Court judge, and overturned the subsequent attempted deportation of Lambourne. In response, the government suspended all judges of the Kiribati Court of Appeal on 6 September 2022. [3]

Contents

The government's actions prompted condemnations from legal agencies and law councils from Australia, New Zealand and the Commonwealth while two former Presidents of Kiribati called it unconstitutional. [4] [5] [6] The government reiterated that its actions were constitutional citing Section 93 (4) of the constitution which provides check and balance for the government to prevent the judiciary from becoming too powerful. [7] A motion of no confidence was raised by the opposition in September 2022 but was blocked by the government. [8]

In October 2022, the President of Kiribati appointed Attorney General Tetiro Semilota as Acting Chief Justice, the first I-Kiribati and woman to be appointed to the position, albeit on an acting basis while Chief Justice Hastings remained suspended. Her appointment caused further controversy, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers calling the appointment "concerning" and a conflict of interest. [9] Nevertheless, the appointment was met with praise and congratulations from the President of Kiribati who appointed her, the country's law society and also from some of its citizens. [10]

The constitutional crisis remains unresolved as at November 2023. [11]

Background

In February 2020, David Lambourne left Kiribati to attend a conference in Australia, however he was stranded due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Kiribati government then attempted to prevent Lambourne from resuming his position in Tarawa by stopping his wages, by refusing to issue an ongoing work permit and by not allowing him to board several repatriation flights. On 11 November 2021, a court ruling by Chief Justice Bill Hastings overturned the government's actions, declaring them unconstitutional. [12] In response, Attorney General Tetiro Semilota reiterated her government's decision to remove Lambourne from his post. On 1 August 2022, Lambourne returned on a travel visa to his Kiribati family and wife Tessie Eria Lambourne who is currently the leader of the opposition. [13]

Events

Suspension of all High Court judges and attempted deportation of David Lambourne

In May 2022, High Court Judge David Lambourne was suspended over allegations of misconduct. In response, he filed a legal challenge which was scheduled to be heard by Chief Justice Bill Hastings on 30 June 2022. However, instead of hearing the case, Hastings read out a letter from the Kiribati government stating that he too had been suspended with "immediate effect". [14]

On 11 August 2022, the crisis intensified when the government attempted to deport Lambourne despite an order from the Kiribati Court of Appeal that he should not be removed from the country. [15] The government said that Lambourne had "breached the conditions of his visitor's visa and posed a security risk". [16] The deportation led to a three-hour stand-off between Immigration officials and a Fiji Airways pilot who refused to board Lambourne against his will. [17]

He was then placed in detention without his passport before being bailed by another Court of Appeal decision. [18] Lambourne called the actions "an unlawful order to remove me in defiance of the order of the court of appeal" adding that the deportation attempt was political. [19]

On 12 August 2022, the Court of Appeal in an urgent court hearing described the government's actions as "unacceptable and risks putting the Attorney-General and the persons directly concerned in contempt of court." A Deputy Solicitor general appeared in court on behalf of the Attorney General stating that Lambourne "could not reside at his home because his wife Tessie Eria Lambourne is the leader of the opposition and that there are supporters that visits their home." He said "once we put Mr Lambourne in the house, there would be something going [to] happen." The representative strongly denied that the government's action was political. [20]

Suspension of all judges of the Court of Appeal

On 19 August 2022, the crisis further intensified as the Court of Appeal heard the appeal from the Chief Justice's earlier judgment and Lambourne's challenge to his attempted deportation, despite the efforts of the government to postpone or cancel the hearing, and the last minute statement of the Office of the Beretitenti (OB), made just a few hours before the hearing, that the Court of Appeal must "correct itself." [21] At the hearing, a US lawyer [22] acting for the government said "the decision of the executive should be treated with “maximum deference”". [23]

On 26 August 2022, the Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Chief Justice Hastings' decision in Republic v Lambourne. [12] The Court of Appeal also confirmed that the government's order to deport Justice Lambourne was invalid and should be quashed. [24]

On 6 September 2022, the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in an email to Reuters announced that President Taneti Maamau had suspended all three New Zealand judges who sat on the Kiribati Court of Appeal and that they too were to be referred to a tribunal to investigate alleged misconduct. [25]

Appointment of Attorney General Semilota as Acting Chief Justice

On 28 October 2022, the President of Kiribati appointed Attorney General Tetiro Semilota as the Acting Chief Justice making her the first I-Kiribati and also the first woman to be appointed to the position albeit on an acting basis while Chief Justice Hastings remained suspended. Prior to her appointment, the country had no women judges above the magistrate level. [26]

Reactions to the appointment

The appointment raised concerns about the separation of powers in Kiribati. United Nations special rapporteur Diego García-Sayán said that her appointment will do little to address the backlog of cases caused by the crisis. He also added that she will have a conflict of interest given her position as Attorney General. [9] The New Zealand Law Society said that the appointment challenged judicial independence and the separation of powers in Kiribati, adding that it made the Kiribati government the "judge in its own cause." [27] Former President, Sir Ieremia Tabai, called the appointment a "questionable act" adding that the position of Chief Justice has been compromised by Semilota given her involvement as part of the government's attempts to dismiss foreign judges working in Kiribati. [28]

There was, however, praise for the appointment. President Taneti Maamau said he was proud and honored to have appointed the first I-Kiribati and woman to the position adding that his government is committed to upholding the rule of law and respect of the judiciary. The Kiribati Law Society added that the appointment will allow the country's court system to be back up and running. Some citizens of Kiribati offered their praise and congratulations to Acting Justice Semilota on Facebook. [10]

Reactions and responses

Domestic

Former President Anote Tong warned that the crisis has left the country with a "dysfunctional judiciary" and raises questions over its democratic system. He also added that "the deportation order by the president [Maamau] is really in direct contravention to the decision by the court. So, whether the government is now in contempt of court is the question that really needs to be addressed." Tong also points the fact that until Kiribati amends its laws and constitution "to recognise that the separation of powers is fundamental to its democratic system of government, everything else that has been done will become illegal." [6]

First and former President Ieremia Tabai said that the government's actions has thrown the country into a crisis adding that he and other members of parliament will be rasing a motion of no confidence against the government. [29] Tabai also called on the Pacific Islands Forum to issue a statement condemning the government's actions. [30] The motion of no confidence was blocked by government in September 2022 before the Parliament went into recess. Tabai said that the opposition will be countering the move by holding public meetings to make the people aware of the situation because the media are controlled by the government. [8]

International

Three Commonwealth legal agencies including the Commonwealth Lawyers Association released a statement on 11 August 2022 urging "the government of Kiribati to adhere to the independence of the judiciary in line with the Constitution of Kiribati and international standards as expressed in the basic principles [...], the Latimer House Principles, and the Commonwealth Charter". The association and two others also "urge the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) [...] to consider the actions of the Kiribati government as a matter of urgency". [31] The legal agencies also spoke out earlier in June 2022 about the investigation of Lambourne by President Taneti Maamau. [4]

The Law Council of Australia concern is heightened in the knowledge that warrants of appointment for the Court of Appeal expire on 15 August 2022, "and soon Kiribati will have neither a High Court nor Court of Appeal exercising jurisdiction". [5] [32] The New Zealand Law Society condemned the suspension of Chief Justice Bill Hastings and the three Court of Appeal judges adding that "the suspension of three senior judges - owing to disagreement with a ruling - is an inappropriate interference with the judicial process and undermines judicial independence in Kiribati." [33]

Governments

  • Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand – a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade said that "judicial independence is crucial for any healthy democracy. Aotearoa New Zealand continues to encourage the Government of Kiribati to ensure its decisions do not negatively impact the functioning of the judiciary." [27]
  • Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand - Foreign Affairs Minister Nanaia Mahuta is reported as saying "she expected Kiribati's reputation would be damaged due to the treatment of Justice Hastings." [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Kiribati</span>

Politics of Kiribati takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Beretitenti, President of Kiribati, is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, Beretitenti, and his cabinet, all MPs. Legislative power is exercised by the House of Assembly. The Judiciary of Kiribati is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Constitution of Kiribati, promulgated at independence on 12 July 1979, establishes the Republic of Kiribati as a sovereign democratic republic and guarantees the fundamental rights of its citizens and residents.

Taniela (Daniel) Vafo'ou Fatiaki CF was the Chief Justice of Fiji from 1 August 2002, when he succeeded Sir Timoci Tuivaga, till 5 December 2008. As Chief Justice, he presided over both the High Court and the Supreme Court, but was constitutionally barred from presiding over, or even sitting on, the Appeal Court. On 3 January 2007, he was sent on leave by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, which had seized power on 5 December 2006. On 19 January, he was formally suspended, pending an investigation into allegations of misconduct. This investigation was dropped in December 2008 as part of a deal that involved his formal resignation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Court of New South Wales</span> Superior court of New South Wales, Australia

The Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian State of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, an appeal by special leave can be made to the High Court of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chief Justice of Ireland</span> Head of the judiciary of the Republic of Ireland

The chief justice of Ireland is the president of the Supreme Court of Ireland. The chief justice is the highest judicial office and most senior judge in Ireland. The role includes constitutional and administrative duties, in addition to taking part in ordinary judicial proceedings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bill Hastings (judge)</span> New Zealand judge

William Kenneth Hastings is a Canadian judge who served as the tenth Chief Censor of New Zealand from October 1999 to July 2010. He was chairman of the Immigration and Protection Tribunal from July 2010 until February 2013, and is currently a District Court Judge. He was the chair of the Broadcasting Standards Authority from October 2018 until August 2021. He was sworn in as the tenth Judge of the Court Martial of New Zealand on 20 July 2021. On 9 August 2021, Hastings was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Republic of Kiribati, a position he held until 8 December 2022. He was a member of the Supreme Court of Vanuatu from July 2023 to June 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judiciary of Pakistan</span> National judicial system

The judiciary of Pakistan is the national system of courts that maintains the law and order in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan uses a common law system, which was introduced during the colonial era, influenced by local medieval judicial systems based on religious and cultural practices. The Constitution of Pakistan lays down the fundamentals and working of the Pakistani judiciary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazhat Shameem</span> Fijian diplomat

Nazhat Shameem Khan is a Fijian diplomat and former judge who served as the Permanent Representative of Fiji to the United Nations from 2014 to 2022. She was also the President of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2021. She served as a judge of the High Court of Fiji from 1999 to 2009, the first woman to do so. She is currently a Deputy Prosecutor for the International Criminal Court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judiciary of India</span> National court system

The judiciary of India is the system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Republic of India. India uses a common law system, first introduced by the British East India Company and with influence from other colonial powers and Indian princely states, as well as practices from ancient and medieval times. The Constitution of India provides concept for a single and unified judiciary in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore</span>

The judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore work in the Supreme Court and the State Courts to hear and determine disputes between litigants in civil cases and, in criminal matters, to determine the liability of accused persons and their sentences if they are convicted.

Michael Dishington Scott was Chief Justice of Tonga.

Michael Mathealira Ramodibedi was a jurist from Lesotho who has served on the courts of several Commonwealth countries in Africa. A graduate of the University of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland, he began his law career in Lesotho, and would later go on to hold positions on the bench there as well as in Seychelles and Botswana. He was the Chief Justice of Swaziland until 17 June 2015, when he was fired by King Mswati III for misconduct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judiciary of Kiribati</span>

The Judiciary of Kiribati is the branch of the Government of Kiribati which interprets and applies the laws of the country. In addition to the Constitution of Kiribati and the corpus of laws, the laws of Kiribati include customary law, which the courts must take into account when considering specified matters in criminal and civil proceedings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taneti Maamau</span> President of Kiribati since 2016

Taneti Maamau is an I-Kiribati politician who has served as the fifth president of Kiribati since 11 March 2016. Maamau is a member of the Tobwaan Kiribati Party. His policies are targeted at strengthening Kiribati's weak economy and alleviating social issues. His government announced the Kiribati Vision for 20 Years (KV20), which plans to develop the tourism and fishing industries with aid from foreign investors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tessie Eria Lambourne</span> I-Kiribati politician (born 1971)

Tessie Eria Lambourne is an I-Kiribati civil servant, diplomat and politician. She has been a member of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu (Parliament) since April 2020. She was formerly Kiribati's Ambassador to Taiwan from June 2018 to September 2019 and Secretary to the Cabinet, the highest position in Kiribati's civil service, from August 2016 until June 2018.

Savalenoa Mareva Betham Annandale is a Samoan lawyer and jurist. From July 2020 to September 2021, she served as Attorney-General of Samoa. Previously she had served as the first female president of the Samoa Law Society.

The Kiribati Court of Appeal is the supreme court of Kiribati established according to the Constitution of Kiribati of 12 July 1979. The Court sits in Betio, South Tarawa.

David Lambourne is an Australian judge on the courts of Kiribati since 1995, first as Kiribati People's lawyer (1995–1999), solicitor general, then, since July 2018, as puisne judge Justice in the High Court of Kiribati. He is the husband of Tessie Eria Lambourne, leader of the opposition since 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Kiribati parliamentary election</span>

Parliamentary elections were held in Kiribati in 2024 to elect members of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu, with the first round held on 14 August and the second on 19 August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Satterthwaite</span> American special rapporteur

Margaret Lockwood Satterthwaite is the American-born special rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers for the United Nations. She has been involved in legal cases including those in Kiribati and the United Kingdom where the government was planning to overrule the judiciary.

References

  1. ↑ "Kiribati faces constitutional crisis after government suspends both high court justices". the Guardian. 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  2. ↑ "Kiribati suspends its chief justice over article". RNZ. 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  3. ↑ "Kiribati suspends all remaining senior judges after row over Australian justice's deportation". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2022-09-06. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  4. 1 2 "Commonwealth judges and lawyers speak out about action against Kiribati judge". RNZ. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  5. 1 2 "Law Council concerned by continued assault on judicial independence in Kiribati - Law Council of Australia". Archived from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  6. 1 2 "Ex-Kiribati president warns judicial crisis could undermine democracy". RNZ. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  7. ↑ "Kiribati Government hits out again at judiciary". RNZ. 15 September 2022. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  8. 1 2 "Kiribati opposition plans vote of no confidence against govt". RNZ. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  9. 1 2 "Kiribati controversy as attorney general becomes acting chief justice". the Guardian. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  10. 1 2 "A win for women and I-Kiribati citizens, or a 'deeply disturbing' judicial crisis?". ABC News. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  11. ↑ "People are suffering Kiribati's judicial crisis". Radio New Zealand . 6 April 2023.
  12. 1 2 "Republic v Lambourne [2021] KIHC 8; Civil Case 16 of 2021 (11 November 2021)". Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  13. ↑ "Kiribati's attempts to keep stranded Australian judge out of the country ruled unconstitutional". the Guardian. 19 November 2022. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  14. ↑ "Kiribati's constitutional crisis". Pacific Advocate. 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "Kiribati constitutional crisis deepens as it detains Australian-born high court justice". the Guardian. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  16. ↑ Dreaver, Barbara. "Dramatic scenes in Kiribati as authorities attempt to deport judge". 1 News. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "Attempts to deport Kiribati High Court justice back to Australia lead to airport stand-off". ABC News. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  18. ↑ "Court slams Kiribati's 'unacceptable' attempts to deport High Court justice back to Australia". ABC News. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Australian-born judge released from immigration detention in Kiribati, after being held overnight | Kiribati | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Whitbourn, Michaela (12 August 2022). "Australian-born Kiribati judge fights 'extraordinary' deportation move". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  21. ↑ OB: "This is a clear last chance by the Judiciary to restore law and order in Kiribati, and the Government of Kiribati entrusts the Court of Appeal to see this case in a balance way and cease any attempt to alter the constitutional power sharing in Kiribati by reducing the Executive's powers. The Court must correct itself if the rule of law is to deliver impartial justice as a predicate for meritocracy and democracy and stop the continued attempt to use court orders as a weapon to deny natural justice to the people of Kiribati."
  22. ↑ Archived copy Archived 2020-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ "Row over Australian-born Kiribati judge intensifies in dramatic court hearing". 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  24. ↑ Pender, Keiran. "Court lashes Kiribati government over treatment of Australian-born judge". Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  25. ↑ Craymer, Lucy. "Kiribati suspends appeals court judges as constitutional crisis worsens". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-09-06. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  26. ↑ "Kiribati attorney general appointed acting chief justice". RNZ. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  27. 1 2 "Kiribati govt's treatment of its judiciary a concern says NZ Law Society". RNZ. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  28. ↑ "Former Kiribati president questions appointment of acting CJ". RNZ. 2 November 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  29. ↑ "Kiribati left without high-level court after president suspends three appeal judges". the Guardian. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  30. ↑ "Motion of no confidence over Kiribati's treatment of judges". RNZ. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  31. ↑ "CMJA CLEA CLA Statement on Kiribati" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  32. ↑ "Aust Law Council urges Kiribati to respect independence of judiciary". RNZ. 23 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  33. ↑ "Legal body condemns Kiribati govt over judiciary moves". RNZ. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  34. ↑ "Stuff".
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