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Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I, also known as Pacal or Pacal the Great, was ajaw of the Maya city-state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. Pakal reigned 68 years—the fifth-longest verified regnal period of any sovereign monarch in history, the longest in world history for more than a millennium, and still the longest of any residing monarch in the history of the Americas. During his reign, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture. Pakal is perhaps best known in popular culture for his depiction on the carved lid of his sarcophagus, which has become the subject of pseudoarchaeological speculations.
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I also known as Ruler A, Ah Cacao and Sky Rain, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on May 3, 682, and reigned until his death.
Yax Nuun Ahiin II also known as Ruler C and Chitam,, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on December 25, 768 and reigning probably until his death. He was son of Yik'in Chan K'awiil and brother of 28th Ruler. The monuments associated with Yax Nuun Ahiin II are: Stelae 19, 21 and Altars 6 and 10.
During the 6th and 7th centuries in Mesoamerica, there was an evident shift in the roles women played in ancient Maya society as compared with the previous two centuries. It was during this time that there was a great deal of political complexity seen both in Maya royal houses as well as in the Maya area. Warfare was a significant factor in political competition and marriage was one of the ways that alliances were made between the different polities. This was accompanied by a shift in women's roles from wife and mother to playing integral parts in courtly life, such as participating in rituals involving the supernatural world and at times ruling individual polities.
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II also known as Stela 11 Ruler,, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c. 869. The monuments associated with Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II are: Stela 11 and Altar 11.
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II, also known as Storm Sky and Manikin Cleft Sky, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on 26 November 411 and reigned until his death. He was a son of his predecessor Yax Nuun Ahiin I and Lady Kʼinich, and a grandson of Spearthrower Owl. Stela 31, erected during his reign, describes the death of his grandfather in 439; other monuments associated with Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II are Stelae 1 and possibly Stelae 28. Tikal Temple 33 was Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II's funerary pyramid and his tomb was located beneath it.
Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I, also known as Ruler 1, was an ajaw of Piedras Negras, an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala. He ruled during the Late Classic Period, from 603–639 AD. It has been proposed that he began a new dynasty at Piedras Negras, following years of ineffective kings. As to how Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I came to power, a consensus has not yet been reached, although it is known that he waged several successful wars against Palenque and Sak Tzʼiʼ. He was succeeded by his son, Itzam Kʼan Ahk I, in 639 AD and left behind several monuments, including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid R-5.
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II, also known as Ruler 4, was an ajaw of Piedras Negras, an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala. He ruled during the Late Classic Period, from 729 to 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II ascended to the throne following the death of Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II may have fathered the following three kings of Piedras Negras: Yoʼnal Ahk III, Haʼ Kʼin Xook, and Kʼinich Yat Ahk II. Following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's demise, he was succeeded by Yoʼnal Ahk III in 757 AD. Itzam Kʼan Ahk II left behind several monuments, including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid O-13. In addition, the details of his life and his Kʼatun-jubilee were commemorated on Panel 3, raised by Kʼinich Yat Ahk II several years following Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's death.
Yax Ehb Xook, also known as Yax Moch Xok and Yax Chakte'I Xok, was the dynastic founder and ajaw of the Maya city-state of Tikal. He ruled c. 90 AD.
Animal Headdress, was ajaw ("lord") of the Maya city-state of Tikal. He was father of his successor Sihyaj Chan K'awiil I and husband of Lady Skull.
Kʼinich Muwaan Jol, was ajaw of the Maya city-state of Tikal. He was father of Chak Tok Ichʼaak I and he ruled until 359.
Kaloomteʼ Bahlam, also known as Curl Head, was an ajaw or lord of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on c. 511. He co-ruled with a Lady of Tikal. The monuments associated with Kaloomteʼ Bahlam are Stelae 10, 12 and 25.
Bird Claw, also known as Animal Skull I and Ete I, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. The monument associated with Bird Claw is Stelae 8. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem.
Wak Chan Kʼawiil, also known as Double Bird, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on December 27, 537(?) and reigning probably until his death. He was son of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and Lady Hand. He sponsored accession of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II, ruler of Caracol in 553. The monument associated with Wak Chan Kʼawiil is Stelae 17.
Animal Skull, also known as Lizard Head, Animal Skull II and Ete II, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne after 562, reigning until c. 593. He was a son of Fire Cross and Lady Hand Sky of Bahlam.
24th Ruler was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled around the year 645. Information about this ajaw and his predecessor 23rd Ruler are scarce. K'inich Muwaan Jol II is considered to be the best candidate for the 23rd or 24th Ruler as he might have been the father of 25th ajaw Nuun Ujol Chaak.
Nuun Ujol Chaak also known as Shield Skull and Nun Bak Chak, was an ajaw of the major Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne before 657 and reigned probably until his death.
28th Ruler was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c.766-768. Little is known about this ruler. He was a son of 27th ruler of Tikal Yik'in Chan K'awiil and elder brother of his successor 29th ruler Yax Nuun Ahiin II.
Nuun Ujol Kʼinich, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled sometime between 794 and 810 and he was probably father of Dark Sun.
Dark Sun, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c. 810 and was probably the son of Nuun Ujol K'inich. The monuments associated with Dark Sun are: Stela 24; Altar 7; Temple 3 Lintel 2?.
References
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2008). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya (2nd ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500287262. OCLC 191753193.
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