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First-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred during the 19th and early 20th century throughout the Western world. It focused on legal issues, primarily on securing women's right to vote. The term is often used synonymously with the kind of feminism espoused by the liberal women's rights movement with roots in the first wave, with organizations such as the International Alliance of Women and its affiliates. This feminist movement still focuses on equality from a mainly legal perspective.
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Antifeminism, also spelled anti-feminism, is opposition to feminism. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, antifeminists opposed particular policy proposals for women's rights, such as the right to vote, educational opportunities, property rights, and access to birth control. In the mid and late 20th century, antifeminists often opposed the abortion-rights movement.
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The #MeToo movement emerged in China shortly after it originated in the United States. In mainland China, online MeToo posts were slowed by government censorship. On Weibo, #Metoo and #MetooinChina were both blocked for a period of time. To avoid the censorship, Chinese women using the #MeToo hashtag on social media began using bunny and bowl-of-rice emojis; "rice bunny" is pronounced mi-tu in Chinese. Feminist activist Xiao Qiqi originated the use of rice-bunny emojis for the movement. Another alternative is “River Crab” which indicates censorship. Generally, the #Metoo movement was only accessible to elite women and urban women.
References
- ↑ Koetse, Manya (2021-04-13). "Censorship of Chinese 6B4T & Feminist Groups Prompts Wave of Support for "Douban Sisters"" . Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ↑ Zhou, Viola (2021-04-14). "These Chinese Women Vow Never to Marry or Have Sex With Men. Then Censors Stepped In". Vice World News. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- ↑ Radio Free Asia (2021-04-28). "China Set to Record First Fall in Population Since Great Famine" . Retrieved 2021-06-29.
- ↑ Agence-France Press (2019-12-07). "The feminist movement urging South Korean women to shun marriage". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- 1 2 3 4 Li, Jane (2021-04-14). "A Chinese platform is erasing "radical" accounts that shun men and the patriarchy". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- 1 2 3 Zhang, Lijia (2021-05-14). "Censoring feminist discussions won't fix China's population crisis". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- 1 2 김태은 (2021). 김태은 (ed.). 여성에게 국가는 없다: 한남·여혐민국의 20대여성 현상. 인사이트브리즈. ISBN 9791186142660.
- 1 2 Koetse, Manya (2021-04-13). "Censorship of Chinese 6B4T & Feminist Groups Prompts Wave of Support for "Douban Sisters"". What's on Weibo. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- 1 2 Zaugg, Julie (2021-09-21). "Ces féministes chinoises qui ne veulent ni homme ni enfants (Chinese feminists who want neither men nor children)". Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 2024-07-04.
- 1 2 3 "6B4T: From South Korea to China, these girls choose to live a more thorough single life". iMedia. 2022-08-02. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
- ↑ Rudolph, Josh (2021-04-17). "After Shuttering of Feminist Douban Groups, Women Call for Unity Online". China Digital Times. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
- ↑ "Closure of online feminist groups in China sparks call for women to 'stick together'". Reuters. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-06-08.