71 Degrees North

Last updated

71 Degrees North
71 Degrees North Logo.JPEG
Also known as71° North
GenreReality
Presented by
Starringsee Celebrities
Country of originUnited Kingdom
Original languageEnglish
No. of series2
No. of episodes16
Production
Production location Norway
Running time
  • 46 minutes (exc. adverts)
  • 60 minutes (inc. adverts)
Production company Fever Media
Original release
Network ITV
Release11 September 2010 (2010-09-11) 
1 November 2011 (2011-11-01)
Related

71 Degrees North is a reality television series on ITV which began broadcasting on 11 September 2010. Ten celebrities had to battle it out to see who would make it to the 71st parallel north, with challenges along the way.

Contents

Broadcast

71 Degrees North is a British adaptation of the Norwegian television series 71° nord , which had been broadcast on TVNorge since 1999, and adapted in Sweden, Denmark, Poland, The Netherlands, and Belgium. The format was distributed by Banijay International. Mazda formerly sponsored the show, Continental tires were the final sponsors.

In the UK, the show was made by London-based production company Fever Media and finished broadcasting its first series on 2 November 2010. The show was aired at 9 pm on Tuesday nights. Series 1 hosts were Gethin Jones and Kate Thornton. Marcus Patric was crowned champion after a closely fought final with Gavin Henson in the first series.

A second series was commissioned by ITV and started airing on 13 September 2011 hosted by Paddy McGuinness and Charlotte Jackson with 12 celebrities taking part. As with the first series, the second series aired on Tuesday evenings at 9 pm. In 2011, six countries acquired both series of the UK version. [1] They were: TV Norge, Network Ten in Australia, TVNZ in New Zealand, Sic in Portugal, TV5 in Finland and Évasion in Canada.

On 19 June 2012, it was announced by ITV that 71 Degrees North had been axed after two series. [2]

Format

The show followed 10 celebrities who attempted to make it to the North Cape at 71 degrees north. At the end of each episode, the celebrity who performed worst on that day's challenge was eliminated.

Transmissions

SeriesStart dateEnd dateEpisodes
111 September 20102 November 20108
213 September 20111 November 20118

Series 1

71 Degrees North
Season 1 (2010)
No. of days8
WinnerMarcus
Runner-upGavin
No. of episodes10
Season chronology
 Previous
71 Degrees North
Next 
71 Degrees North

Marcus Patric was crowned champion after a closely fought final with Gavin Henson.

Hosts

Episodes

Series One (2010)
EpisodeCelebrity eliminatedAirdate
1Lauren Socha11 September
2Konnie Huq14 September
3Diarmuid Gavin21 September
4Michelle Mone28 September
5Shane Richie5 October
6Andrew Castle19 October
7Joe Absolom26 October
8Susie Amy (3rd Place)2 November
Gavin Henson (Runner-up)
Marcus Patrick(Winner)

Celebrities

CelebrityOccupationStatus
Lauren Socha Misfits actressEliminated 1st
on 11 September 2010
Konnie Huq Blue Peter presenterEliminated 2nd
on 14 September 2010
Diarmuid Gavin Garden designer & television presenterEliminated 3rd
on 21 September 2010
Michelle Mone Model & entrepreneurEliminated 3rd
on 28 September 2010
Shane Richie EastEnders actorEliminated 4th
on 5 October 2010
Andrew Castle Retired tennis player & GMTV presenterEliminated 5th
on 19 October 2010
Joe Absolom Former EastEnders actorEliminated 6th
on 26 October 2010
Susie Amy Footballer's Wives actressThird Place
on 2 November 2010
Gavin Henson Wales rugby playerRunner-Up
on 2 November 2010
Marcus Patric Hollyoaks actorWinner
on 2 November 2010

Challenges

The team that wins each challenge gets to stay in a log cabin, while the losing team has to camp. (In episode 6, the winning team had the chance to spend the night in an Ice Hotel. Joe took this opportunity, Andrew opted for a warmer log cabin).

The contestants are split into Blue and Red teams at the start of each Challenge.
The winner of immunity from the previous Challenge becomes captain of one of the teams.

EpisodeTeam Event or Immunity ChallengeChallengeWinner(s)
1Team Event:Dog SleddingBlue Team
Each team must dog sled to collect their camping equipment, then, get to the camping site.
After a night stop, both teams race to the finish line.
The race length is 30 km.
Immunity Challenge:Ice Swim Gavin Henson
Each person in each team must go into freezing water, and whoever swims the furthest will be guaranteed a place in the next expedition.
2Team Event:Stretcher RaceRed Team
A team member is tied to a stretcher and the first team to get to the end has to cross a ravine by rope with the stretcher to win.
Immunity Challenge:Ice Climb Joe Absolom
Each person must climb an ice wall.
Whoever climbs the fastest/furthest wins immunity in the second vote off.
3Team Event:Snow Cave DiggingBlue Team
Each team must find an equipment package using a tracker and then build a snow cave to sleep in that night.
To win, the teams must build the cave to specific regulations.
Immunity Challenge:Rope Holding Gavin Henson
Andrew Castle
One partner holds a rope that is hoist over a tree, while the other is attached to it.
The two teams who hold on the longest compete in the final.
4Team Event:CliffhangerRed Team
Each team must trek 5 km to spend the night in a tent hanging from separate vertical cliffs.
The following day, one member of each team must climb to the top of their cliff and traverse
on ropes to the opposite cliff to collect a flag and then, return it to the starting point.
Immunity Challenge:Reindeer Race Shane Richie
Each contestant must race around a track on a sled pulled by a Reindeer.
The winner of each race will progress to the next round.

(Susie Amy received a bye from the first heat due to the odd number of contestants.)

5Team Event:Snow Mobile RaceRed Team
Each team must race by snow mobile to the top of a frozen waterfall which, they will then abseil back down.
Once at the bottom, they must melt a block of ice to get the key to the luxury cabin.
The team with the fastest time in each stage will get a head start in the next.
(The blue team were invited by the reds to share the log cabin with them due to the extreme cold temperatures.)
Immunity Challenge:Frozen River Assault Course Gavin Henson
Each contestant must race around the course and then complete a math problem.
The person with the fastest time avoids elimination.
Failing or not completing the math problem in 2 minutes adds 5 minutes to their time.
6Team Event:Race and Reindeer HerdingBlue Team
Andrew
& Joe
Each team must race 40 miles on snow mobiles to the camp site where, they must construct and spend the night in a Lavvu.
The first team to reach camp will take a 5-minute lead into tomorrow.
(Due to dangerously cold temperatures, the teams stayed in a log cabin rather than the Lavvu that night.)
The following day, the teams must herd 3000 reindeer over a distance of 2.5 km. The team with the fastest time wins.
Immunity Challenge:Tobogganing Joe Absolom
Each contestant will compete in a time trail down the 500m course to decide who progresses to the semi-finals and then the final.
The winner will be immune from the vote off.
7Team Event:Hell RaceRed Team
Joe &
Marcus
Each team must hike to the bottom of a canyon and set up camp.
The first team to reach camp will take a 15-minute lead into tomorrow.
The following day, the teams must build a sledge out of their equipment and pull it a further 9 km to the finish line.
Immunity Challenge:Dangling from a Dam Gavin Henson
Each contestant must run across the face of a dam 110m high and collect a series of flags from boxes in numerical order.
The fastest contestant wins immunity.
8Semi Final:Swim Under a Frozen LakeWinner:
Marcus

Eliminated:
Susie

Each contestant must swim under a frozen lake into holes cut in the ice.
Susie was Eliminated at this stage as she swam 2 holes in the ice in 33 seconds compared to Gavin's 20 seconds,
Marcus swam to the 3rd hole and automatically progressed to the Final Challenge.
The Final:Race to 71 Degrees NorthSeries Winner:

Marcus Patric

In the first part of the final, both contestants must hike 2 km to the camp site.
The winner chooses to sleep in the tent or the snow cave and has the opportunity to dig for a luxury food package.
The following day, the contestants must race by dog sled for 20 km, the winner will take the winning margin into the next stage.
In stage 3, the finalists must run to and then make their way across a 35m rope crossing, 100m above the Arctic.
Once across, they must sprint to the finish line and set a beacon on fire.
The first to light it is the Champion.

Series 2

71 Degrees North
Season 2 (2011)
No. of housemates12
WinnerRav
Runner-upAngelica
No. of episodes8
Season chronology
 Previous
71 Degrees North
Next 
71 Degrees North

On 1 March 2011, ITV confirmed that a second series has been commissioned and would begin airing on 13 September 2011, lasting 8 weeks before finishing on 1 November 2011. [3]

Hosts

Episodes

Series Two (2011)
EpisodeCelebrity eliminatedAirdate
1Nicky Clarke13 September
2Sean Maguire (withdrew)20 September
John Thomson
3Martin Kemp (withdrew)27 September
Lisa Maxwell
4John Barnes4 October
5Charlie Dimmock (withdrew)11 October
John Barnes
6Richard Arnold18 October
7
(Semi-Final)
Brooke Kinsella25 October
8
(Final)
Amy Williams (3rd Place)1 November
Angelica Bell (Runner-up)
Rav Wilding(Winner)

Celebrities

On 18 July 2011, the 10 confirmed celebrities for Series 2 were revealed, They were: [4]

CelebrityOccupationStatus
Nicky Clarke Celebrity hairdresserEliminated 1st
on 13 September 2011
Sean Maguire Television actorWithdrew
on 20 September 2011
John Thomson ComedianEliminated 2nd
on 20 September 2011
Martin Kemp EastEnders actor & singerWithdrew
on 27 September 2011
Lisa Maxwell Actress & Loose Women panelistEliminated 3rd
on 27 September 2011
Charlie Dimmock Garden designer & television presenterWithdrew
on 11 October 2011
John Barnes Former England footballerEliminated 4th
on 4/11 October 2011
Richard Arnold Daybreak presenterEliminated 5th
on 18 October 2011
Brooke Kinsella Former EastEnders actressEliminated 6th
on 25 October 2011
Amy Williams Olympic skeleton racerThird Place
on 1 November 2011
Angellica Bell Television & radio presenterRunner-Up
on 1 November 2011
Rav Wilding Crimewatch presenterWinner
on 1 November 2011

Challenges

The team that wins each challenge gets to stay in a log cabin, while the losing team has to camp.

The contestants are split into Blue and Red teams at the start of each Challenge.
The winner of immunity from the previous Challenge becomes captain of one of the teams.
Team captains are in Bold.

EpisodeTeam Event or Immunity ChallengeChallengeWinner(s)
1Team Event:Dog SleddingRed Team
Sean, Amy, Angellica, Charlie & Rav
Each team must dog sled to collect their camping equipment, then, get to the camping site.
After a night stop, both teams race to the finish line.
The race length is 30 km.
Immunity Challenge:Ice Swim Rav Wilding
Each person in each team must go into freezing water, and whoever swims the furthest will be guaranteed a place
in the next expedition.
2Team Event:Trawler Dive and Abseil RaceRed Team
Rav, Brooke, Charlie, Martin
& Sean
The teams must dive off a boat into a lake and then swim to shore. Once on shore they make their way to a cliff where
they will abseil face-down before racing to the finish line.
Immunity Challenge:The Hangover Amy Williams
Each contestant must hold onto a rope which is tied to the underside of a bridge, when they can't hold on
any longer they will drop. The contestant to hold on the longest wins,
and will be immune from the weeks vote off.
3Team Event:Buried AliveRed Team
Amy, Angellica, Rav & Richard
The two teams compete in a relay-race up a mountain. The teams will start as a group before dropping off one
contestant at a time as they reach a crate. The dropped off contestant then digs a hole where
they will stay whilst the rest of the team continue. This repeats until the final team member reaches the top.
The first dropped off contestant then continues up the mountain collecting the other teammates.
The first team to have all members at the top first, wins.
Immunity Challenge:Tobogganing Amy Williams
Each contestant will compete in a time trail down the 500m course to decide who progresses to the semi-finals
and then the final of the challenge. The winner of the final will be immune from the vote off.
4Team Event:KidnappedRed Team
Amy, Angellica
& Charlie
Two team captains are "kidnapped" and locked in individual huts, whilst their teams battle through a course,
being navigated by the team captains using walkie-talkies.
The team to reach the hut and unlock their team captains first, wins.
Immunity Challenge:Ice Plunge Rav Wilding
Each contestant will jump into a pool of frozen water, stay in for 60 seconds before climbing out,
stripping down to their underwear and then run to the finish line.
The fastest contestant will be immune from the vote off.
5Team Event:CliffhangerBlue Team
Angellica, Amy
& Richard
Each team must climb up the side of a cliff face to reach their overnight tents, which hang off the side of the cliff.
The first team to their respective tents win a luxury food package.
The following day the teams must zip-wire from the top of the cliff to reach a flag,
they must collect the flag before restarting the descent to the end point. The first team across, wins.
Immunity Challenge:Reindeer Race Brooke Kinsella
Each contestant must race around a track on a sled pulled by a Reindeer.
The loser of each heat will be out, and not progress to the semi.
The winners of the heat will face the runners-up, with the winners of the semis reaching the final.
6Team Event:The DecisionRed Team
Brooke & Rav
The teams must walk 5 km through the snow until they reach a canyon.
To cross the canyon the teams have to go via a cargo net which spans the 30-metre gap.
They then race to a checkpoint where the first team there has to make a decision about which route to take next.
The routes can either be 8 km on snowmobiles or 2 km on cross-country skis, the other team must take the alternate route.
The first team to the finish line wins a night in the Ice Hotel.
Immunity Challenge:Icy Assault Course Rav Wilding
Each contestant must climb an ice wall and on their way they must collect 5 letters.
They then zip wire to the bottom where they must spell out a word using the letters.
Whoever completes the challenge in the fastest time wins immunity.
7
(Semi-Final)
Team Event:The Epic RaceBlue Team
Amy & Brooke
The first section of the race sees the contestants tandem kayak from one side of a lake to the other.
Then the contestants must head on to their camp, via a checkpoint, 10 km away.
The following morning the contestants must walk through the snow to another checkpoint, before continuing their walk
where they will reach a dog sled. The contestants will then race on the sledges to the finish line.
The first team to reach the finish line will win a night of luxury.
Final Immunity Challenge:Hell Drop Amy Williams
Each contestant must descend down a wire ladder hanging over the edge of a canyon passing flags on the way down.
Once at the very bottom of the ladder, they must climb back up to the top.
The fastest contestant wins immunity and a place in the final.
8Final challenge:Swim Under a Frozen LakeWinners:
Angellica

Eliminated:
Amy

The three finalists must survive the night in a hand-built snow cave before swimming under the ice of a frozen lake.
(Angelica is the only contestant from both series to complete this challenge by reaching the
fourth and final ice hole in about 90 seconds)
The Final:Race to 71 Degrees NorthSeries Winner:
Rav Wilding
The remaining two finalists then face the challenge of crossing a single rope suspended 300m
above the ground in the race to the finish line.
Before reaching the rope climb, each contestant much race on snowmobiles to their chest containing
their harness equipment and melt a key inside a block of ice needed to open their chest.

International versions

The concept has been sold to several countries. [5] The Danish, Belgium/Netherlands and UK versions were all filmed in Norway. The other series were recorded in the respective countries. Around 2000 or 2001, German broadcaster RTL2 were sold the format but no series was made.

Legend:  Ongoing    Finished  

CountryLocal nameHost(s)TV stationTop prizeAirdate
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands
71° noord Evi Hanssen (2006, 2008)
Ernst-Paul Hasselbach (2008)
Ruben Nicolai and Leki (2009–10)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg 2BE (2006, 2008)
Vtm (2009–10)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg RTL5 (2008)
AVRO (2009–10)
€50,0002006, 2008,
2009–10
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Flag of the United States.svg United States
No Boundaries Troy Hartman Global TV (Canada)
The WB Television Network (cancelled after 4 episodes)
OLN (USA)
Ford Explorer Sport Trac + $100,0002002
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 71° nord Unknown (2001)
Nicolai Moltke-Leth  [ da ] (2002)
TV Danmark Suzuki Grand Vitara (2001)
Safari in Kenya + Luxus bathing holiday (value 100,000 DKr)
2001–02
Flag of Norway.svg Norway 71° nord (1999–2020)
71° nord – Norges tøffeste kjendis (2010–)
Tom Stiansen (2006–)
Elin Tvedt  [ no ] (2001–05)
Tom Strømnæss  [ no ] (2000)
Janne Horgen Friberg (1999)
TVNorge New car + Prize money for completing tasks (2009–)1999–
Flag of Poland.svg Poland Ekspedycja Radosław Pazura  [ pl ] TVN Subaru Forester GL 4WD2001
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 69° nord Kim Rydeheim Kanal5 Trip around the World (2 persons)2001
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Abenteuer Schweiz Björn Hering  [ de ] TV3 75,000 CHF (+ Ice axe as trophy)2000

Related Research Articles

<i>Stars in Their Eyes</i> British television talent series

Stars in Their Eyes is a British television talent series, based on Joop van den Ende's Dutch format Soundmixshow. It featured a singing contest in which members of the public impersonate showbiz stars.

<i>Survivor</i> (British TV series) British reality television series

Survivor is a British adventure reality game show based on the international Survivor format. Following the premise of other versions of the Survivor format, the show features a group of contestants, referred to as "castaways" as they are marooned in an isolated location. The castaways must provide food, water, fire, and shelter for themselves. The contestants compete in various challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination. The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted off the island by their fellow castaways. The final castaway remaining is awarded the title of "Sole Survivor" and a large monetary prize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paddy McGuinness</span> English actor, comedian and television presenter

Patrick Joseph McGuinness is an English comedian, actor, writer, and television presenter. He rose to fame with the help of fellow comedian Peter Kay, who invited him to appear on the television comedy series That Peter Kay Thing (2000), and the sitcoms Phoenix Nights (2000–2001) and Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere (2004). McGuinness went on to present various televisions shows, including Take Me Out (2010–2019), 71 Degrees North (2011), Paddy's TV Guide (2013), Top Gear (2019–2022), I Can See Your Voice (2021–2022), and Question of Sport (2021–2023).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kate Thornton</span> English TV presenter

Kate Thornton is an English journalist and broadcaster, best known as the first presenter of The X Factor (2004–2006) and for presenting daytime shows including Loose Women (2009–2011) and This Morning (2009–2012). In 2010, she co-presented the first series of 71 Degrees North alongside Gethin Jones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gavin Henson</span> Welsh international rugby union player

Gavin Lloyd Henson is a Welsh former professional rugby union player, who played as a fly-half, fullback and inside centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gethin Jones</span> Welsh television presenter

Gethin Clifford Jones is a Welsh television presenter. He was an active rugby union player while at Manchester Metropolitan University and, after graduation, he began his television career on Welsh language channel S4C as a presenter of children's programmes such as Popty, Mas Draw and the flagship children's entertainment show Uned 5.

The Xtra Factor was a companion show to the British television music competition The X Factor. It was broadcast on ITV2 and on TV3 in the Republic of Ireland, on Saturday and Sunday nights after the main ITV show from 4 September 2004 to 11 December 2016. It featured behind-the-scenes footage of The X Factor and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after the judges comment on their performances.

<i>Hells Kitchen</i> (British TV series) British TV series

Hell's Kitchen is a British cookery reality show, aired on ITV, which featured prospective chefs competing with each other for a final prize. Four series aired between 2004 and 2009, three presented by Angus Deayton and the fourth and final series presented by Claudia Winkleman.

<i>The X Factor: Battle of the Stars</i> British television series

The X Factor: Battle of the Stars is a UK celebrity special edition of The X Factor, which screened on ITV, started on 29 May 2006 and lasting for eight consecutive nights. Pop Idol was meant to air in its place as Celebrity Pop Idol but was stopped shortly before transmission, when ITV picked The X Factor over it.

<i>Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two</i> Companion weeknight show on BBC Two

Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two is a British television programme, the companion show to the popular BBC One programme Strictly Come Dancing. First aired on 25 October 2004, it is broadcast from Monday to Friday during the run of the main show on BBC Two at 6:30 pm.

<i>Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!</i> (British TV series) British reality television series

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here! is a British survival reality television show, that is broadcast on ITV. It was created by London Weekend Television (LWT) and is produced by Lifted Entertainment. The format sees a group of celebrities living together in extreme conditions with few creature comforts. Each member undertakes challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, and to avoid being voted out by viewers during their stay, with the final episode's votes nominating who wins a series.

<i>Total Wipeout</i> British game show

Total Wipeout is a British game show, hosted by Richard Hammond and Amanda Byram, which first aired on the BBC on 3 January 2009. In each episode, contestants competed in a series of challenges in an attempt to win £10,000. These challenges were based in large pools of water or mud and generally involved large assault courses that contestants had to cross. These were gradually eliminated over four rounds until one contestant remained, who won a £10,000 cash prize, except for the “Celebrity Specials,” in which the money was donated to the winner’s chosen charity.

<i>MasterChef Australia</i> Cooking reality television series

MasterChef Australia is an Australian competitive cooking reality show based on the original British MasterChef. It is produced by Endemol Shine Australia and screens on Network 10. Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan, chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston served as the show's main judges until 2019, when they were replaced by Series 4 winner and chef Andy Allen, food critic Melissa Leong, and restaurateur and chef Jock Zonfrillo.

<i>Take Me Out</i> (British game show) British television show

Take Me Out was a dating game show that was presented by comedian Paddy McGuinness. Based on the Australian show Taken Out, it first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom and simulcast on TV3 in the Republic of Ireland on 2 January 2010. An unscreened pilot episode was made for Channel 4 in 2009, but it was ITV who picked it up for a series. The show was produced by Thames. On 10 February 2020, ITV announced that the show was axed after eleven series.

Survivor Turkey is the Turkish version of the popular reality Survivor. This version of the show has aired on both Kanal D in 2005, and on Show TV in 2006, 2007, and 2010. From the beginning Survivor was a success in Turkey, however, the cost of producing the show proved to be too much for Kanal D and even Show TV could not afford to produce the show on a yearly basis. Because of production costs the show was put on hiatus in 2007 and was brought back three years later. The prize for the first seasons of the show was 150,000 euros, for the second and third seasons 250,000 euros, and 500,000 dollars for the fourth season.

<i>Text Santa</i> British TV series or programme

Text Santa was a charity initiative set up in 2011 by ITV to support UK-based charities during the Christmas period. The appeal to the public is to donate money mainly via text donation and profits from merchandise. The telethons have been hosted by popular ITV presenters including Phillip Schofield, Christine Bleakley, and Ant & Dec. The 2015 appeal show was the last after ITV decided to axe the show to make way for an all-year appeal.

<i>Your Face Sounds Familiar</i> (British TV series) British television show

Your Face Sounds Familiar is a British talent show based on the Spanish series of the same name. The show began on 29 June 2013 on ITV and ended on 3 August 2013. The show was co-presented by Alesha Dixon and Paddy McGuinness, whilst the judging panel consisted of Emma Bunton, Julian Clary, and a different guest judge in each episode. Guest judges included Cilla Black, Donny Osmond, Denise van Outen, Kian Egan, and Peter Andre.

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013.

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its fifteenth series on 15 November 2015 on ITV.

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its twenty-first series on 21 November 2021 on ITV. As with series 20, due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, the series was filmed at Gwrych Castle in Abergele, Wales.

References

  1. Michael Rosser (15 September 2011). "71 Degrees North goes global". broadcastnow. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  2. "71 Degrees North axed by ITV after two series". Digital Spy . 19 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  3. ITV1 returns to 71 Degrees North.
  4. "Martin Kemp, Sean Maguire, Brooke Kinsella in '71 Degrees North' full lineup". Digital Spy . 18 July 2011.
  5. "71° North". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2010.