ASTM C 1112, Standard Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors to the Control and Physical Security of Special Nuclear Material, is a standard published by ASTM International.
International standards are technical standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. Some 12,575 ASTM voluntary consensus standards operate globally. The organization's headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi (8.0 km) northwest of Philadelphia.
The standard was first published in June 1999 and was updated in 2005. The standard provides a guide to selecting, calibrating, testing, and operating radiation monitors to detect special nuclear material (SNM), including searching pedestrians, packages, and motor vehicles for concealed SNM. This may be one part of a security plan for nuclear materials. SNM radiation monitors are commercially available in three different forms: Small Hand-Held Monitors, Automatic Pedestrian Monitors, and Automatic Vehicle Monitors.
Special nuclear material (SNM) is a term used by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the United States to classify fissile materials. The NRC divides special nuclear material into three main categories, according to the risk and potential for its direct use in a clandestine nuclear weapon or for its use in the production of nuclear material for use in a nuclear weapon.
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of surveillance cameras.
Health physics is the applied physics of radiation protection for health and health care purposes. It is the science concerned with the recognition, evaluation, and control of health hazards to permit the safe use and application of ionizing radiation. Health physics professionals promote excellence in the science and practice of radiation protection and safety. Health physicists principally work at facilities where radionuclides or other sources of ionizing radiation are used or produced; these include hospitals, government laboratories, academic and research institutions, nuclear power plants, regulatory agencies, and manufacturing plants.
The sources of radioactive pollution can be classified into two groups: natural and man made.
A medical device is any apparatus, appliance, software, material, or other article—whether used alone or in combination, including the software intended by its manufacturer to be used specifically for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes and necessary for its proper application—intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in CGS units in 1953 as the dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of matter. The material absorbing the radiation can be human tissue or silicon microchips or any other medium.
Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations refer to the movements of military Defence Nuclear Materials (DNM) within, to and from the United Kingdom. Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations are also known as DNM Transportation; Defence Nuclear Material in transit; Nuclear movements; and DNM movements.
ASTM C 1270 is a Standard Practice for Detection Sensitivity Mapping of In-Plant Walk-Through Metal Detectors. This standard was created by the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and published in December 1997. ASTM International which was funded in 1898, is an international standards developing organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. This standard deals with a procedure to establish the weakest detection path through the portal aperture and the worst-case orthogonal orientation of metallic test objects. This practice is considered to develop the assistance about operators of walk-through metal detectors with meeting the metal detection performance requirements of the responsible regulatory authority.
ASTM C 1349 is a Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate. This specification was created by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Founded in 1898, ASTM International is an international standards developing organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. This specification deals with the quality requirements for cut sizes of glass clad polycarbonate (GCP). Polycarbonate is becoming more common in house wares as well as laboratories and in industry, especially in applications where any of its main features — high impact resistance, temperature resistance, optical properties—are required. In this regards, polycarbonate is useful regarding security, detention, hurricane/cyclic wind-resistant, and blast and ballistic-resistant glazing applications.
ASTM is a standard specification for steel chain-link fencing materials used for high security applications. This standard was created by the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM International which was funded in 1898, is an international standards developing organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. This was published by ASTM F14 which is a committee specializes about high security fences and perimeter barriers.
ASTM F 2322 is a standard test method for physical assault on vertical fixed barriers for detention and correctional facilities. This standard was created by the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM International which was funded in 1898, is an international standards developing organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. This standard was published by ASTM F33 which is a committee specializes about detention and correctional facilities. FM 33 has published 14 standards in this area. This test enables to help ensure that physical assault on vertical fixed barriers perform against intrusion, avoid that intruders penetrate in unauthorized access and to resist common types of vandalism into an organization.
ASTM F 883 is a standard performance specification for padlocks.
Nuclear MASINT is one of the six major subdisciplines generally accepted to make up Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), which covers measurement and characterization of information derived from nuclear radiation and other physical phenomena associated with nuclear weapons, reactors, processes, materials, devices, and facilities. Nuclear monitoring can be done remotely or during onsite inspections of nuclear facilities. Data exploitation results in characterization of nuclear weapons, reactors, and materials. A number of systems detect and monitor the world for nuclear explosions, as well as nuclear materials production.
Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results.
Package testing or packaging testing involves the measurement of a characteristic or property involved with packaging. This includes packaging materials, packaging components, primary packages, shipping containers, and unit loads, as well as the associated processes.
Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) are passive radiation detection devices used for the screening of individuals, vehicles, cargo or other vectors for detection of illicit sources such as at borders or secure facilities. Fear of terrorist attacks with radiological weapons spurred RPM deployment for cargo scanning since 9/11, particularly in the United States.
