Adam HartFRSBFRES[3][4] is an English scientist, author and broadcaster, specialising in ecology, entomology and conservation, especially in southern Africa.[5][1] He has co-presented three BBC TV documentaries on social insects (BBC4's Planet Ant: Life Inside the Colony,[6] BBC2's Life on Planet Ant[7] and BBC2's Hive Alive[8]). Hart has written and presented numerous BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service documentaries and written more than 120 scientific papers.[1][9]
In 2015, he authored the popular-science book The Life of Poo about our complex relationships with bacteria.[10]
His 2020 book, Unfit for Purpose, detailed mismatches between human evolution and the modern world and was published by Bloomsbury.[11] In 2017, he presented the BBC World Service weekly science programme Science in Action and in 2021 he presented the series Tooth and Claw.[12] A second, and third, series of Tooth and Claw were broadcast in 2022.[13] In 2022, his career was profiled on Radio 4's Life Scientific. The episode was recorded live at the Hay Festival and focussed on his early work on honeybees and leafcutting ants.[14] His third popular science book, focussing on the difficult realities of conservation, The Deadly Balance: Predators and People in a Crowded World was published in 2023.[15] In the same year, he co-authored the academic book Trophy Hunting with Nikolaj Bichel,[16] which won the 2023 Marsh Ecology Book of the Year prize, presented by the British Ecological Society, for "the book that has had the greatest influence on the science of ecology in any two-year period".[17]
Following a postdoctoral position examining conflict in social systems,[20] he transferred to the University of Gloucestershire in 2005, where he is Professor of Science Communication.[3]
Hart has published scientific papers on a variety of topics, including entomology, ecology, disease, hygiene, nesting phenology, citizen science, Africa antelope surveying, thermal imaging, African grassland management and climate change.[1] In 2018 his research on spiders was named by Made at Uni[21] as one of the UK's 100 best breakthroughs for its significant impact on people's everyday lives.[22] Research Hart co-authored on the use of low-cost thermal imaging for anti-poaching work[23] won the 2019 Green Gown Awards[24] in the Research with Impact category.[25]
He co-authored the Oxford University Press textbook Applied Ecology, described as "a cornerstone publication for all undergraduate students studying ecology",[26] and is a co-author of Introducing Forensic and Criminal Investigation, a textbook.[27] He has served as editor-in-chief of the journal Ecological Entomology and is currently[when?] an Associate Editor of that journal.[28] He sits on the editorial board of The Biologist, the magazine of the Royal Society of Biology,[29] and is an Associate Editor of Antenna, the magazine of the Royal Entomological Society.[30] Hart is also the founding co-editor of Instar, a magazine published by the Royal Entomological Society for children.[31]
Hart has an active involvement with large-scale citizen science projects that include the "Flying Ant" survey,[32] the "Spider in da House" survey and app[33][34] and the "Starling Murmuration" survey[35] with the Royal Society of Biology. The scientific findings of these studies have been widely disseminated.[36] In 2018 he led a team that studied, for the first time, the use of Twitter-mining in ecology,[37] which was covered by a number of news sites.[38][39]
In 2017, Hart co-ran the Big Wasp Survey[40] with Seirian Sumner, which attracted criticism from quarters in the national press[41][42] because it asked people to set up lethal wasp traps. Hart and collaborator Seirian Sumner responded to this criticism in press[43] and media.[44] Hart authored a piece for BBC Online News defending wasps and their ecological value as well as putting forward the scientific case for the Big Wasp Survey.[45] Hart later went on to make a BBC Radio 4 documentary and a BBC World Service series exploring some of the issues raised.[46][47]
As a commentator on science-related stories, Hart has frequently appeared in the national press, often contributing to stories involving invertebrates such as ladybird invasions,[48] spiders[49] and ants.[50] He has also discussed topics including the fear of spiders,[51] the threat of tree diseases,[52] banana disease[53] and insect conservation.[54]
Hart has a strong interest in African conservation and has published papers that include studies of grassland and herbivore management, surveying and has been particularly active in the trophy hunting debate. He has written a number of high-profile articles on related issues, including trophy hunting,[55] rhino poaching and the horn legalization debate,[56][57] the issues of fences in conservation,[58] misinformation in African conservation,[59] and the economics and conservation issues of breeding of color variant antelopes in South Africa.[60] Hart co-directs the scientific research program of the Nkombi Volunteer Program[61] in South Africa and is a trustee of the Wild Planet Trust.[62]
Following the publication of his book Life of Poo, Hart is also a frequent commentator on our relationships with bacteria, including the medical implications of gut bacteria.[63]
Hart believes science communication is about sharing science, saying that "The scientific method is our greatest intellectual achievement – it is a tool to understand ourselves and the universe. How could you not want to share that?"[20]
Broadcasting
Hart has frequently appeared on and presented TV and radio science documentaries.[64][65][66] He co-presented BBC4's Planet Ant: Life Inside the Colony[6] (with George McGavin), a 90-minute documentary about leafcutting ants, and BBC's two-part series Hive Alive[8] (presenting with Martha Kearney and Chris Packham). Hart also presented Life on Planet Ant, aimed at a younger audience, for BBC2.[7]Planet Ant was nominated for Broadcast Digital[67] and Royal Television Society awards.[68]
Hart captained the University of Sheffield team[4] to the final of the BBC2 Christmas University Challenge series, which sees "teams of prominent alumni from 14 universities and university colleges...compete for the glory of their institutions and the honour of being declared Series Champions".[69]
Since 2011, Hart has presented BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service documentaries on an array of topics including honey,[70] migratory beekeeping,[71] swarm robotics,[72] tree diseases,[73][74] gut bacteria,[75] de-extinction,[76] trophy hunting[77][78] (in the wake of the Cecil the Lion story), the concept of free will in biology[79] and animal personality.[80]
In 2016, he presented documentaries for BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service on human-induced evolutionary change,[81] the controversy over rhino horn trade[82] and on mosquito control.[83]
Hart presented the BBC World Service weekly science magazine programme Science in Action for three months in 2017.[84]
In 2018, Hart wrote and presented the BBC Radio 4 documentary Inside the Killing Jar, exploring the fact that entomologists often have to kill what they study.[46] The program investigated lethal sampling and the controversial idea that insects may feel pain and was later extended into a series for BBC World Service.[47] In the same year, he wrote and presented the 5-part series The Genius of Accidents for BBC Radio 4, which explored the role of accident and luck in scientific discoveries[85]
In 2019, following the broadcast of Inside the Killing Jar, Hart co-authored a commentary paper on the ethics of insects in research, with a particular emphasis on ecological sampling and by-catch reduction.[86] In 2020, he presented the documentary On the Menu for BBC Radio 4 that explored our difficult relationships with predators, including tigers, lions and wolves. This documentary developed into the series Tooth and Claw on BBC World Service. The first series broadcast in 2021, with a second and third series airing in 2022. Series 4 aired in 2023. Episodes cover the lives of predators and the people that study them.[87]
Writing and public speaking
Hart is a frequent public speaker, lecturing on topics that include social insects,[88] citizen science[89] and trophy hunting[90] to schools, public audiences and special-interest groups.[20] In 2013 he delivered a 24-hour lecture on social insects as part of the Royal Society's National Biology Week.[91] He has also written numerous articles for newspapers, magazines and for the BBC Science and Environment pages, including opinion pieces on migratory beekeeping,[92] human-induced evolution,[93] animal personality[94] and the realities of modern-day African hunting.[95] He has written about the complex role of gut bacteria in human immunity.[96]
In 2015, his first popular-science book was published. The Life of Poo details our complex relationship with bacteria.[10] He has since gone to write Unfit for Purpose, detailing mismatches between human evolution and the modern world[11] and The Deadly Balance: Predators and People in a Crowded World, focussing on the difficult realities of conservation, and published in 2023.[15] In 2023 he also co-authored the academic book Trophy Hunting with Nikolaj Bichel,[16] which won the 2023 Marsh Ecology Book of the Year prize. The award is presented by the British Ecological Society, for "the book that has had the greatest influence on the science of ecology in any two-year period".[17]
He is a regular presenter and chair at the Cheltenham Science Festival, tackling topics such as tree diseases,[97] bees,[98] gut bacteria,[99] and garden moths.[100] He has also appeared at the Edinburgh,[101]Northern Ireland[102] and Malta[103] Science Festivals, speaking on, amongst other things, the role of gut bacteria and the use of pheromones in communication.[104] He has been a speaker at the New Scientist Live Event held annually in London.[105] In 2013, he hosted the EU COST Science Night in Brussels. He also hosted the 60th anniversary celebrations of the British Society for Immunology at the Royal Society and chaired the debate 'The changing face of medical research'.[106] In June 2022, he was the guest for an episode of The Life Scientific recorded at the Cheltenham Literature Festival.[18]
Awards and honours
In recognition of his academic work, Hart is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society (FRES)[107] and of the Royal Society of Biology. In 2020, Hart was elected a Trustee of the Royal Entomological Society and chairs their Outreach Committee, and in 2022 was made Vice President.[108]
In 2010, he was awarded a National Teaching Fellowship by the Higher Education Academy[109] and the Society of Biology (now the Royal Society of Biology) Science Communicator of the Year award.[110] In 2011, he delivered the Charter Lecture for the Royal Society of Biology[111] and in 2015 he launched the University of Gloucestershire's public lecture series[112] and delivered the AGM address for the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust.[113] He was co-recipient of the 2023 British Ecological Society's Marsh Ecology Book of the Year prize.[17]
Other awards include:
2010 Science Communicator of the Year, Society (now Royal Society) of Biology
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their geniculate (elbowed) antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists.
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term insect was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. The field is also referred to as insectology in American English, while in British English insectology implies the study of the relationships between insects and humans.
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A typical life cycle involves flightless females giving live birth to female nymphs—who may also be already pregnant, an adaptation scientists call telescoping generations—without the involvement of males. Maturing rapidly, females breed profusely so that the number of these insects multiplies quickly. Winged females may develop later in the season, allowing the insects to colonize new plants. In temperate regions, a phase of sexual reproduction occurs in the autumn, with the insects often overwintering as eggs.
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation.
Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps, spider-hunting wasps, or pompilid wasps. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. Nearly all species are solitary, and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders.
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders.
In zoology, a palynivore /pəˈlɪnəvɔːɹ/, meaning "pollen eater" is an herbivorous animal which selectively eats the nutrient-rich pollen produced by angiosperms and gymnosperms. Most true palynivores are insects or mites. The category in its strictest application includes most bees, and a few kinds of wasps, as pollen is often the only solid food consumed by all life stages in these insects. However, the category can be extended to include more diverse species. For example, palynivorous mites and thrips typically feed on the liquid content of the pollen grains without actually consuming the exine, or the solid portion of the grain. Additionally, the list is expanded greatly if one takes into consideration species where either the larval or adult stage feeds on pollen, but not both. There are other wasps which are in this category, as well as many beetles, flies, butterflies, and moths. One such example of a bee species that only consumes pollen in its larval stage is the Apis mellifera carnica. There is a vast array of insects that will feed opportunistically on pollen, as will various birds, orb-weaving spiders and other nectarivores.
Ant mimicry or myrmecomorphy is mimicry of ants by other organisms; it has evolved over 70 times. Ants are abundant all over the world, and potential predators that rely on vision to identify their prey, such as birds and wasps, normally avoid them, because they are either unpalatable or aggressive. Some arthropods mimic ants to escape predation, while some predators of ants, especially spiders, mimic them anatomically and behaviourally in aggressive mimicry. Ant mimicry has existed almost as long as ants themselves; the earliest ant mimics in the fossil record appear in the mid-Cretaceous alongside the earliest ants.
Sydney Harold Skaife ('Stacey') D.Sc. FRSSAf. was an eminent South African entomologist and naturalist. His career and educational publications covered a wide field. Especially in his later years his main research interest was in social insects and the transitional phases in sociality, particularly in the Hymenoptera and Isoptera. He wrote detective novels using the pseudoynm Hendrik Brand.
Insect ecology is the interaction of insects, individually or as a community, with the surrounding environment or ecosystem. This interaction is mostly mediated by the secretion and detection of chemicals (semiochemical) in the environment by insects. Semiochemicals are secreted by the organisms in the environment and they are detected by other organism such as insects. Semiochemicals used by organisms, including (insects) to interact with other organism either of the same species or different species can generally grouped into four. These are pheromone, synomones, allomone and kairomone. Pheromones are semiochemicals that facilitates interaction between organisms of same species. Synomones benefit both the producer and receiver, allomone is advantageous to only the producer whiles kairomones is beneficial to the receiver. Insect interact with other species within their community and these interaction include mutualism, commensalism, ammensalism, parasitism and neutralisms.
A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a clade, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as bees and ants are deeply nested within the wasps, having evolved from wasp ancestors. Wasps that are members of the clade Aculeata can sting their prey.
Eusociality is the highest level of organization of sociality. It is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society, sometimes called castes. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform behaviors characteristic of individuals in another caste. Eusocial colonies can be viewed as superorganisms.
Insects are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million described species; they represent more than half of all animal species.
George C. McGavin is a British entomologist, author, academic, television presenter and explorer.
Anoplius nigerrimus is a species of spider wasp, or pompilid, and is the type species of the genus Anoplius.
Anoplius viaticus, commonly known as the black-banded spider wasp, is a species of spider wasp. These wasps are known as spider wasps because the females capture spiders to provide their offspring with food. The paralysed spider is cached in a burrow, the wasp lays an egg on it, and when this hatches, the developing wasp larva consumes the spider. This species is found in sandy heathland across most of Europe.
Seirian Sumner FRES is a British entomologist and behavioural ecologist. She is a professor at University College London and is an expert in social wasps.
Karim Vahed FRES is a British entomologist. He is a professor of entomology and England manager at invertebrate conservation charity Buglife, and is an expert in crickets and bushcrickets (katydids).
Anne Goodenough is an ecologist in the United Kingdom. She is Professor of Applied Ecology at the University of Gloucestershire.
Luke Tilley FRES FRSA is a British entomologist and science communicator. He is Director of Communications and Engagement at the Royal Entomological Society and Insect Week Coordinator in the UK.
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