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A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region,for instance multiple continents or worldwide,affecting a substantial number of individuals. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected individuals is not a pandemic. Widespread endemic diseases with a stable number of infected individuals such as recurrences of seasonal influenza are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide.
The 1918 flu pandemic,also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer of the Spanish flu,was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in Kansas,United States,with further cases recorded in France,Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later,nearly a third of the global population,or an estimated 500 million people,had been infected in four successive waves. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million,and possibly as high as 100 million,making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.
The Hong Kong flu,also known as the 1968 flu pandemic,was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed between one and four million people globally. It is among the deadliest pandemics in history,and was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus. The virus was descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift,a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted to form a new virus.
Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. It takes approximately two days to show symptoms. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location,in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle,and another three weeks to significantly diminish.
In virology,influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus. Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic,the 1977 Russian flu pandemic and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason,they are described as H1N1,H1N2 etc.,depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. Hemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.
An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region and infects a large proportion of the population. There have been six major influenza epidemics in the last 140 years,with the 1918 flu pandemic being the most severe;this is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50–100 million people. The most recent,the 2009 swine flu pandemic,resulted in under 300,000 deaths and is considered relatively mild. These pandemics occur irregularly.
In public health,social distancing,also called physical distancing,is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. It usually involves keeping a certain distance from others and avoiding gathering together in large groups.
Dame Anne Mandall Johnson DBE FMedSci is a British epidemiologist,known for her work in public health,especially the areas of HIV,sexually transmitted infections and infectious diseases.
Camara Phyllis Jones is an American physician,epidemiologist,and anti-racism activist who specializes in the effects of racism and social inequalities on health. She is known for her work in defining institutional racism,personally mediated racism,and internalized racism in the context of modern U.S. race relations. During the COVID-19 pandemic,Jones drew attention to why racism and not race is a risk factor and called for actions to address structural racism.
Neil Morris Ferguson is a British epidemiologist and professor of mathematical biology,who specialises in the patterns of spread of infectious disease in humans and animals. He is the director of the Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA),director of the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis,and head of the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the School of Public Health and Vice-Dean for Academic Development in the Faculty of Medicine,all at Imperial College London.
Kizzmekia "Kizzy" Shanta Corbett is an American viral immunologist. She is an Assistant Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Shutzer Assistant Professor at the Harvard Radcliffe Institute since June 2021.
Arnold Monto is an American physician and epidemiologist. At the University of Michigan School of Public Health,Monto is the Thomas Francis Jr. Collegiate Professor of Public Health,professor of epidemiology,and professor of global public health. His research focuses on the occurrence,prevention,and treatment of infectious diseases in industrialized and developing countries' populations.
Allison Joan McGeer is a Canadian infectious disease specialist in the Sinai Health System,and a professor in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology at the University of Toronto. She also appointed at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and a Senior Clinician Scientist at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute,and is a partner of the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases. McGeer has led investigations into the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Toronto and worked alongside Donald Low. During the COVID-19 pandemic,McGeer has studied how SARS-CoV-2 survives in the air and has served on several provincial committees advising aspects of the Government of Ontario's pandemic response.
Cécile Viboud is a Staff Scientist based in the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health,where she is part of the Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS). Viboud specialises in the mortality of infectious disease. Viboud was involved with epidemiological analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Catherine Lynne Troisi is an American epidemiologist specializing in leadership studies and infectious diseases including HIV and hepatitis. She is an associate professor in the divisions of management,policy,and community health and epidemiology at UTHealth School of Public Health and Director of Workforce Development for the Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute.
Natalie E. Dean is an American biostatistician specializing in infectious disease epidemiology. Dean is currently an assistant professor of Biostatistics at the University of Florida. Her research involves epidemiological modeling of outbreaks,including Ebola,Zika and COVID-19.
Megan Blanche Murray is an American epidemiologist and an infectious disease physician. She is the Ronda Stryker and William Johnston Professor of Global Health in the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Sharon Lee Reilly Kardia is an American epidemiologist. She is the Millicent W. Higgins Collegiate Professor of Epidemiology and Associate Dean for Education at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Her research interests involve genetic epidemiology of common chronic diseases.
Liza Makowski Hayes is an American nutritional biochemist. As a professor at the University of Tennessee,her research focuses on how metabolic stress and inflammation alters the progression of diseases,specifically obesity and cancer.
Lone Simonsen is a Danish epidemiologist and professor of population health sciences. Since the beginning of 2020,she has been the director of PandemiX,an interdisciplinary pandemic research center at Roskilde University.
References
- ↑ "Aiello, Allison E. (Allison Elizabeth), 1972-". id.loc.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- 1 2 "Allison Elizabeth Aiello". faculty-history.dc.umich.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Allison E. Aiello, Ph.D., M.S." healthandsocietyscholars.org. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ Redden, Elizabeth (January 2, 2008). "Flu U". insidehighered.com. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "University of Michigan students don surgical masks to see if they help guard against flu". The La Crosse Tribune. February 9, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Allison Aiello, Ph.D., M.S. & Jennifer Dowd, Ph.D., M.A." healthandsocietyscholars.org. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Aiello and Albrecht elected as Carolina Population Center fellows". sph.unc.edu. December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Study provides recommendations to prevent hospital infections through hand hygiene". sph.unc.edu. August 22, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Study employs cell phones to help track flu on campus". sph.unc.edu. August 19, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Aiello awarded NIH grant to study psychosocial exposures, epigenetic impacts on health". sph.unc.edu. September 8, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Three from Gillings School receive Society for Epidemiologic Research awards". sph.unc.edu. May 28, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ Jared, Scott (March 20, 2020). "The ABCs of hand-washing". thewell.unc.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ↑ "Boyce, Aiello team with state, local agencies to study COVID-19 cases with mild or no symptoms". globalhealth.unc.edu. May 6, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
