Arnold Monto

Last updated

Arnold S. Monto
FIDSA FACE D(ABMM)
Arnold-Monto.jpg
Born
Brooklyn, New York
CitizenshipAmerican
Education Weill Cornell Medicine (MD)
Cornell University (BA)
Occupations
Years active1958-Present
Known for Influenza seasonality [1]
Medical career
Field
Institutions University of Michigan School of Public Health
Research Influenza virus epidemiology
AwardsCareer Development Award, NIH
Charles Merieux Award, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
Alexander Fleming Lifetime Achievement Award, Infectious Diseases Society of America [2]

Arnold Monto FIDSA FACE D(ABMM) (born March 22, 1933) is an American physician and epidemiologist. At the University of Michigan School of Public Health, Monto is the Thomas Francis, Jr. Collegiate Professor Emeritus of Public Health, professor emeritus of both epidemiology and global public health, and co-director of the Michigan Center for Respiratory Virus Research & Response. [3] His research focuses on the occurrence, prevention, and treatment of viral respiratory infections in industrialized and developing countries' populations.

Contents

Education

Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Monto graduated from Erasmus Hall High School. He received a B.A. in zoology from Cornell University in 1954 and earned his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College, now Weill Cornell Medicine, in 1958. [4] From 1958 to 1960, he completed his internship and residency in medicine at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center. [5] From 1960 to 1962, he was a USPHS Post-Doctoral Fellow in Infectious Diseases at Stanford University Medical Center. [6]

Career

Monto fulfilled his national service commitment in the Virus Diseases Section of the Middle America Research Unit: a part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. While there, he began his career-long interest in respiratory illnesses; confirming that the same viruses causing illnesses in the temperate zones cause illnesses in the tropics. [3] He was among the first to observe that influenza viruses, in areas where temperatures were stable year-round, mainly occurred in the rainy season. [7] In 1965, Monto was recruited to the University of Michigan School of Public Health by Thomas Francis Jr., chair of and professor in the school's Department of Epidemiology. Monto rose through the academic ranks from research associate to professor. He served as chair of the school's Department of Population Planning and International Health from 1993 to 1996 and as director of the University of Michigan Center for Population Planning. [8] From 2002 to 2004, Monto was director of the University of Michigan Bioterrorism Preparedness Initiative. [9] In 2010, he was named the Thomas Francis Collegiate Professor of Public Health. [10] He is the founder and director of the University of Michigan-Israel Public Health Partnership for Collaborative Research and Education (2014–present) and is co-director of the Michigan Center for Respiratory Virus Research and Response, one of five centers across the country that collects data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [11] [12] Monto spent periods as a visiting scientist at Northwick Park Hospital Clinical Research Center in Harrow, England; at the World Health Organization in Geneva, working on implications of lower respiratory tract infections globally; and at the National Research Council, Washington, D.C. organizing studies of the causes of respiratory infections in low-resourced countries.

He is the author of over 350 research papers[ when? ] focusing mainly on the epidemiology and implications of respiratory infections, and co-editor of the Textbook of Influenza –Second Edition. [13]

In a career spanning six decades Monto has been involved in pandemic planning and emergency response [14] to influenza and other respiratory virus outbreaks, including the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic, avian influenza, SARS, [15] MERS, [16] and the COVID-19 pandemic. [17]

In 2015, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the annual "Arnold S. Monto Award" in honor of Monto for innovation in epidemiology and vaccinology. "Dr. Monto's work has helped us understand the value of measuring vaccine effectiveness in the communities where vaccines are used and taking that data to help enhance influenza prevention programs", said Joe Bresee, Chief of the Epidemiology and Prevention Branch of CDC's Influenza Division." [18]

In 2020, Monto was selected to chair the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) on COVID-19 vaccines. [19]

Research

Throughout his career, Monto has focused on the occurrence, prevention, and control of respiratory infections, with a particular interest in influenza. At the University of Michigan in 1965, he developed the Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness, which described the specific viruses involved in causing illnesses in American families over an 11-year period. [20]   During the 1968 influenza pandemic, he found that vaccinating school-age children reduced infection in the entire community, an early demonstration of herd immunity. [21] Subsequently, he was involved in evaluating a variety of strategies to control influenza including vaccines, antivirals, and non-pharmaceutical interventions such as antiseptic tissues and face masks. [22] In particular, he designed and carried out critical studies evaluating the value of the neuraminidase inhibitors now in use for influenza. In the 2000s he was involved in developing pandemic control strategies including social distancing, leading to work at WHO and in the US during the 2009 swine flu pandemic. [23] He also led clinical trials establishing the superiority of inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated vaccines in preventing influenza in adults. [24]

In 2010, Monto returned to the study of respiratory illnesses in families with the establishment of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study. The design is a comprehensive one, allowing researchers to study many aspects of infection occurrence and prevention over time. The study has resulted in several notable findings related to natural infection with different viruses and the immune correlates of protection from different influenza vaccines. It was the first to demonstrate the potential problems with the serial use of such vaccines. [25] These issues are now being addressed as part of the Universal Influenza Vaccine Program. [26] [27] Monto was the plenary speaker for a 2017 NIH-led workshop of U.S. and international experts from academia, industry, and government to develop a strategic plan and research agenda aimed at the development of a universal influenza vaccine. [28] The design also allows study over time of other respiratory viruses including the coronaviruses. Monto is involved in other studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing medical encounters and hospitalization with a goal of improving protection. [29] A study in progress addresses the role of antivirals in seasonal and pandemic influenza control.

Selected service, international and national

Awards

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avian influenza</span> Influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is enzootic in many bird populations.

<i>Orthomyxoviridae</i> Family of RNA viruses including the influenza viruses

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oseltamivir</span> Antiviral medication used against influenza A and influenza B

Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. They recommend it to prevent infection in those at high risk, but not the general population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that clinicians use their discretion to treat those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. It is taken by mouth, either as a pill or liquid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H5N1</span> Subtype of influenza A virus

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic in many bird populations, and also panzootic. A/H5N1 virus can also infect mammals that have been exposed to infected birds; in these cases, symptoms are frequently severe or fatal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swine influenza</span> Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pigs

Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are a class of drugs which block the neuraminidase enzyme. They are a commonly used antiviral drug type against influenza. Viral neuraminidases are essential for influenza reproduction, facilitating viral budding from the host cell. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza), laninamivir (Inavir), and peramivir belong to this class. Unlike the M2 inhibitors, which work only against the influenza A virus, NAIs act against both influenza A and influenza B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flu season</span> Recurring periods of influenza

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H1N1</span> Subtype of Influenza A virus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic involving influenza

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine efficacy</span> Reduction of disease among the vaccinated comparing to the unvaccinated

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic</span> 2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus

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References

  1. ↑ Monto, Arnold (19 June 1987). "Influenza: Quantifying morbidity and mortality". The American Journal of Medicine. 82 (6): 20–25. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90556-0. hdl: 2027.42/26677 . PMID   3591814.
  2. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae". fda.gov. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  3. 1 2 Monto, AS (1967). "A community study of respiratory infections in the tropics I Description of the community and observations on the activity of certain respiratory agents". American Journal of Epidemiology. 86 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120735. PMID   4951566.
  4. ↑ monto, arnold. "Cornell Medical College Class of 1958". Artstor. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  5. ↑ monto, arnold (1 June 1959). "The Liver in Ulcerative Disease of the Intestinal Tract: Functional and Anatomic Changes". Annals of Internal Medicine. 50 (6): 1385–94. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-50-6-1385. PMID   13661766.
  6. ↑ monto, AS; Rantz, LA (1 August 1963). "The development and character of bacteriuria in pregnancy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 59 (2): 186–93. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-59-2-186. PMID   14049347.
  7. ↑ Monto, Arnold S. (19 June 1987). "Influenza: Quantifying morbidity and mortality". The American Journal of Medicine. 82 (6): 20–25. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(87)90556-0. hdl: 2027.42/26677 . PMID   3591814.
  8. ↑ "Population Planning and International Health". UM International Certificate in International Health and Social Development. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  9. ↑ "School of Public Health launches bioterrorism initiative". Michigan News. university of michigan. 21 February 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  10. ↑ "Arnold S. Monto". School of Public Health, University of Michigan. University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "Ben-Gurion U. announces new School of Public Health and U. Michigan partnership". EurekaAlert. AAAS. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  12. ↑ Mayberry, Sarah (14 December 2018). "What will this flu season look like". clickondetroit.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  13. ↑ Webster, Robert; Monto, Arnold; Braciale, Thomas; Lamb, Robert (2013). Textbook of Influenza (second ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN   9780470670484.
  14. ↑ Knobler, Stacey; Mack, Alison; Mahmoud, Adel; Lemon, Stanley (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza Are We Ready? Workshop Summary. Washington DC, US: National Academies Press. ISBN   9780309095044 . Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  15. ↑ Anstett, Patricia (3 June 2003). "SARS has virus hunter very busy". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  16. ↑ Monto, Arnold (5 June 2019). Exploring Lessons Learned from a Century of Outbreaks: Readiness for 2030: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press. pp. 52–56. ISBN   9780309490351.
  17. ↑ "Michigan Study Finds Common Human Coronaviruses Seasonal, Like Flu | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". NIAID Now. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 13 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "Arnold S. Monto Award for Exceptional Contribution to the Understanding of Influenza Epidemiology and Prevention". cdc.gov. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  19. ↑ "The FDA's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee and its Role in Advising the Agency on COVID-19 Vaccines". FDA. 20 October 2020.
  20. ↑ Monto, AS; Koopman, JS; Longini, IM (1985). "Tecumseh study of illness XIII Influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981". American Journal of Epidemiology. 121 (6): 811–22. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114052. PMID   4014174.
  21. ↑ Monto, AS; Olazabal, F (1966). "Asian influenza in the Panama Canal zone: isolation of a virus variant and protective effect of a vaccine containing A2/Japan/305/57". American Journal of Epidemiology. 83 (Jan): 101–12. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120558. PMID   5910213.
  22. ↑ Aiello, AE; Murray, GF; Perez, V; Coulborn, RM; Davis, BM; Uddin, M; Shay, DK; Waterman, SH; Monto, AS (2010). "Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 201 (4): 491–8. doi: 10.1086/650396 . PMID   20088690.
  23. ↑ Monto, AS (2005). "The threat of an avian influenza pandemic". New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (4): 323–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048343. PMID   15668220.
  24. ↑ Monto, AS; Ohmit, SE; Petrie, JG; Johnson, E; Truscon, R; Teich, E; Rotthoff, J; Boulton, M; Victoer, JC (2009). "Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines". New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (13): 1260–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808652 . PMID   19776407. S2CID   205090564.
  25. ↑ Ohmit, SE; Petrie, JG; Malosh, RE; Cowling, BJ; Thompson, MG; Shay, DK; Monto, AS (2013). "Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the community and the household". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 56 (10): 1363–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cit060. PMC   3693492 . PMID   23413420.
  26. ↑ Branswell, Helen (5 March 2018). "Despite push for a universal flu vaccine, the 'holy grail' stays out of reach". STAT.
  27. ↑ "Universal Influenza Vaccine Research | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . 5 September 2019.
  28. ↑ Paules, Catherine; Marston, Hilary D; Eisinger, Robert W; Baltimore, David; Fauci, Anthony S. (17 October 2017). "The Pathway to a Universal Influenza Vaccine". Immunity. 47 (4): 600. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.007 . PMID   29045889.
  29. ↑ Monto, Arnold; Petrie, Joshua (2019). "Improving Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Ways to Begin Solving the Problem" . Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (November): 1824–1826. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz416. PMID   31102404 . Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  30. ↑ "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Principles for United States Action" (PDF). IDSA (September): i. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "ESWI: Who we are, what we do" (PDF). eswi.org. ESWI. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "List of Members of, and Advisor to, the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee concerning Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". WHO.int. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  33. ↑ Holdren, John; Lander, Eric; Varmus, Harold (7 August 2009). "Report to the President on U.S. Preparations for 2009-H1N1 Influenza" (PDF). President Obama White House archives. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  34. ↑ Monto, Arnold (2006). "Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network position statement: antiviral resistance in influenza A/H5N1 viruses". Antiviral Therapy. 11 (1): 873–7. PMID   16430192.
  35. ↑ Monto, Arnold (2008). "Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: A 2007 Update on Challenges and Solutions". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46 (7): 1024–1031. doi: 10.1086/528720 . PMID   18444819.
  36. ↑ "Dr. Charles Mérieux Award for Achievement in Vaccinology and Immunology". nfid.org. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. 29 August 1999. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  37. ↑ "Alexander Fleming Award for Lifetime Achievement". idsociety.org. Infectious Disease Society of America. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
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