Ama-e

Ama-e
Years active	c. 2330 BC
Spouse	Ur-Sara

Ama-e (fl. c. 2330 BC) was an Ancient Sumerian businesswoman. She is one of the earliest individual businesswomen of which any significant amount of information is known.

Background

She lived in the city of Umma during the reign of Sargon of Akkad. ^[1] She was married to Ur-Šara and her business transactions are well documented in the so-called Ur-Sara family archive. ^[2] While it does not appear to have been uncommon for women to conduct business, as it was regarded as a part of the household duties, no other individual businesswoman and her transactions from this period or before is as well documented as Ama-e.^{[ citation needed ]}

Business

She rented land from the crown for cultivating, invested in buildings, traded in barley and metal, and had a network of business agents through which she bought and sold silver, wood, wool, food and perfume. ^[3]

Translator H. J. Marsman wrote:

In early Mesopotamian society, women appear to have acted quite independently [and] could stand surely for someone else [as with] the businesswoman Ama-e, who lived in Sargonic Umma. She engaged in trade involving grain, wool, and metals. ^[4]

Family business records show that she invested some of the profits in real estate and building projects and oversaw a widespread trade network. ^[5]

See also

• Ahaha

References

1. Foster, Benjamin Read (1982). Umma in the Sargonic Period. Academy. pp. 69–75. ISBN   978-0-208-01951-6.
2. Foster, Benjamin R. (1977). "Commercial Activity in Sargonic Mesopotamia". Iraq. 39 (1): 31–43. doi:10.2307/4200046. ISSN   0021-0889. JSTOR   4200046. S2CID   167589023.
3. Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean MacIntosh (2016). Women in antiquity: real women across the ancient world. Rewriting antiquity. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 106. ISBN   978-1-138-80836-2.
4. Marsman, H.J. (2021). Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East. Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies. Brill. p. 401. ISBN   978-90-04-49340-7 . Retrieved 2024-11-10.
5. Mark, Joshua J. (2022-10-12). "Ten Great Ancient Mesopotamian Women". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-11-10.

Further reading

• Morris Silver: Economic Structures of Antiquity