Anacostia Historic District

Last updated
Anacostia Historic District
Anacostia HD DC 13th n W.JPG
Houses at 13th and W Streets
USA District of Columbia location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
LocationRoughly bounded by Marion Barry Ave SE., 16th St., Mapleview, Washington, District of Columbia
Area83 acres (34 ha)
Built1854
Architectural styleItalianate, Cottage style
NRHP reference No. 78003050 [1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 11, 1978
Designated DCIHSNovember 27, 1973

The Anacostia Historic District is a historic district in the city of Washington, D.C., comprising approximately 20 squares [2] [3] and about 550 buildings built between 1854 and 1930. [4] [5] [6] The Anacostia Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. [2] [3] [6] "The architectural character of the Anacostia area is unique in Washington. Nowhere else in the District of Columbia does there exist such a collection of late-19th and early-20th century small-scale frame and brick working-class housing." [6]

Contents

The historic district is roughly bounded by: [2] [6] [7] [8]

  • Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE between Marion Barry Ave SE and Morris Road SE;
  • Marion Barry Ave SE from Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE to Fendall Street SE;
  • Fendall Street SE from Marion Barry Ave SE to V Street SE;
  • V Street SE between Fendall Street SE and 15th Street SE;
  • 15th Street SE from V Street SE, along the eastern and southern sides of the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site to High Street SE;
  • High Street SE from 14th Street SE to Maple View Place SE; and
  • Maple View Place SE between High Street SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE.

Buildings within the Anacostia Historic District are generally two-story brick and wood-frame structures. The houses are primarily wood-frame construction, mostly in the Italianate, Cottage, and Washington Row House architectural styles (although there are some homes in the Queen Anne style). [2] [6] Cottage-style buildings tend to have been built earlier, with Italianate structures more popular after 1870. [6] Queen Anne–style homes tend to be clustered in Griswold's subdivision. [6] [9] Many of the homes feature large lawns and wrap-around porches. [5] [6]

History of the district

Looking north on Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE (formerly Piscataway Road and Nicholls Avenue SE) in the Anacostia Historic District. Martin luther king jr avenue.jpg
Looking north on Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE (formerly Piscataway Road and Nicholls Avenue SE) in the Anacostia Historic District.

The Nacotchtank Native Americans were the first settlers to inhabit the area now known as Anacostia, living and fishing along the Anacostia River. [10] Captain John Smith was the first European to visit the region in 1612, naming the river the "Nacotchtank". [11] [12] [13] Henry Fleet (an English explorer kidnapped for five years by the Nacotchtank beginning in 1621) and Leonard Calvert (later Governor of the Province of Maryland) gave the area its more etymologically correct name, "Anacostine," from which the modern name of Anacostia is derived. [11] [12] The name means "trading village." The Nacochtank villages which dotted the south side of the Anacostia River were busy trading sites for Native Americans in the region. [12] War and disease decimated the Nacochtank. During the last 25 years of the 17th century, the tribe ceased to exist as a functional unit, and its few remaining members merged with other local Piscataway tribes. [12] [14] [15]

European settlement first occurred in the area in 1662 at Blue Plains (now the site of the city's sewage treatment plant just to the west of the modern neighborhood of Bellevue), and at St. Elizabeth (now the site of St. Elizabeths Hospital psychiatric hospital) and Giesborough (now called Barry Farm) in 1663. [16] In 1663, Lord Baltimore granted ownership of the majority of the area on the south bank of the Anacostia River to George Thompson. [16] Slightly inland, Lord Baltimore granted another large tract (known as Chichester) to John Meeks in 1664. [6] [15] "Anacostia Fort" was built on the heights at the present-day neighborhood of Skyland sometime in the 18th century. [12]

The area became part of the District of Columbia in 1791. Congress passed the Residence Act of 1790 to establish a federally-owned district in which would be built the new national capital, and George Washington picked the current site in 1791 (a choice ratified by Congress later that year). [17] In 1795, real estate speculator James Greenleaf purchased most of what is now the Anacostia Historic District from the federal government. [16] Although Greenleaf was bankrupted in the Panic of 1796–1797, [18] a few homes dotted the shores of the eastern bank of Anacostia River in what is now the historic district. [16] William Marbury, a wealthy Georgetown merchant who later was a party in the landmark Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case, purchased much of the land that is now the Anacostia Historic District some time in the late 18th century or early 19th century. [12]

The first permanent modern settlement of size in the Anacostia Historic District came in 1820. The growth of the Washington Navy Yard created the need to provide housing for the many new employees working there. Still, little land was available for new construction in the area, and housing prices were high. Consequently, in 1818, the privately owned "Upper Navy Yard Bridge" was built over the Anacostia River at 11th Street SE. [12] [19] A toll bridge, this bridge was designed to permit easy access to Anacostia so that housing could be constructed on the eastern shore of the Anacostia River. [12] Before the construction of this bridge and others upstream, there were no mudflats along the banks of the Anacostia. The bridges shifted currents and slowed the river's flow, and within a decade, extensive flats had built up along the shore. [12] [20] In 1820, the town of Good Hope, D.C., was founded around a tavern located near the current intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Alabama Avenue SE (forming the current neighborhood of Good Hope). [7] [12] [21] Businesses began to construct buildings along Upper Marlborough Road (called Good Hope Road SE today) toward the village of Good Hope, forming the Anacostia Business District. In the late 1820s or early 1830s, Marbury sold his land to Enoch Tucker, who rented out part of the land to tenant farmers and built his home near the intersection of Upper Marlborough Road and Piscataway Road (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE). [12] A post office was established in the area and named Good Hope Station. [15] [21] In 1849, the post office's name was changed to Anacostia. [15]

Uniontown

Developers John Dobler, John Fox, and John W. Van Hook purchased the 240-acre (97.2-hectare) area known as Anacostia from Enoch Tucker on June 5, 1854, for $19,000 and immediately subdivided the property into lots for houses. [3] [6] [12] [15] [16] [22] Fox had built a mansion on Jefferson Street (now W Street SE) [15] some years before, and Fox and Van Hook were business partners in the Union Land Association. [12] Naming the area Uniontown, the development became Washington's first "suburban" community. [6] [12] [23] [24] [25] Van Hook (the lead developer) renamed streets in the area after former presidents: Upper Marlborough Road was now called "Harrison Street," and Piscataway Road, now known as "Monroe Street". [12] The area between Monroe Street and the Anacostia River was known as the Duvall subdivision, [12] and Duvall's Tavern (a well-known bar) stood there. [26] Half the lots sold within two months of the first sale. [6] [16] Restrictive covenants prohibited the sale or lease of property to anyone of African descent, Mulattoes, or Irish. [2] [24] The main street in the 17-block subdivision (bordered by Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, Good Hope Road SE, 16th Street SE, and W Street SE) was 14th Street SE, which had a central market and a 40-foot (12.2 meter) wide boulevard running down the center of it. [6]

The first house erected in the new subdivision was a two-story brick building on Harrison Street (on the southwest corner of Harrison and Monroe Streets), and next to it on Monroe Street (on the site of the former Enoch Tucker farmhouse) rose a brick structure which held George F. Pyle's grocery store. [12] In 1855, Van Hook himself built "Cedar Hill", a lavish mansion on Jefferson Street near the Fox Mansion. [6] [23] Dr. Arthur Christie, a wealthy Englishman, purchased 50 acres (20.25 hectares) of land on the north side of Harrison Street and named his estate Fairlawn. [12] Lewin Talburtt built a spectacular 21-room mansion, "Mont View," on what is now Mount View Place SE; his son, George Washington Talburtt, lived there for many years (although it is an apocryphal story that John Howard Payne composed the song Home! Sweet Home! there). [12] [26] The first church in the area, the Episcopalian "Ryan's Chapel," opened in 1862. [16]

Uniontown in 1865, showing Fort Stanton, Barry Farm, and St. Elizabeths Lunatic Asylum. Fort Stanton Crop.jpg
Uniontown in 1865, showing Fort Stanton, Barry Farm, and St. Elizabeths Lunatic Asylum.

Van Hook had hoped to attract Navy Yard workers to buy and build in the Uniontown development. [6] [22] But although most of the lots had sold by 1860, the Panic of 1857 and the Civil War hindered building and few houses were constructed. [12] [22] [23] The Civil War itself brought many changes to the area encompassed by the Anacostia Historic District. After the First Battle of Bull Run, Northern military leaders realized Washington, D.C., was relatively undefended and quickly began building a ring of forts around the city. The first of these forts was Fort Stanton, which began construction in September 1861, was completed on October 22, and fully armed and staffed by December 25. [27] Fort Stanton was built on "Garfield Heights" (now Fort Stanton Park), and a military road (now Morris Road SE, Erie Street SE, Fort Place SE, Bruce Place SE, and Ainger Place SE) constructed from Monroe Street to provide better access to the river and Navy Yard Bridge (11th Street Bridges) and to link Fort Stanton with its subsidiary batteries, Fort Ricketts and Fort Snyder, and nearby Fort Wagner (now the site of Stanton Elementary School). [27] The area was officially named Uniontown in 1865, but there was so much confusion between the village and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, that the name of the area reverted to Anacostia on April 22, 1866. [15] Fort Stanton closed in April 1866, [28] and the land it occupied was turned back over to private ownership. The structures of the fort itself remained, falling into decay.

The Union Land Association went bankrupt in the Panic of 1873, and Van Hook was forced to sell Cedar Hill. [12] [22] [23] The mansion was purchased by Frederick Douglass in 1877, who defied the whites-only covenant governing the subdivision in buying the property. [29] The 1880 census shows that about 15 percent of Uniontown's residents were African American. [6]

Later development

Delaware Baptist Church, 13th and V Streets Anacostia HD Church.JPG
Delaware Baptist Church, 13th and V Streets

Several new subdivisions were built in the late 19th century, expanding the Anacostia Historic District. Among these were Griswold's (1881), Green's (1881, carved from the former George Barber farm), Griswold's II (1886), Avalon (1887), Avalon Terrace (1889), Anacostia Addition (1890, created from the Otterback farm), Bryan Place (1892, part of the former Talburtt estate), and Griswold's III (1894). [3] [30] These subdivisions retained the architectural styles of the original Uniontown development and are considered extensions of it. [3] [6]

The area also saw some civic improvements. Horse-drawn streetcar service reached the area in 1875, 13 years after the rest of the city had achieved service, and electric streetcars arrived in 1895. [23] [31] St. Teresa's Catholic Church was built at 1244 V Street SE in 1879, [6] [32] and Emanuel Episcopal Church (now Delaware Avenue Baptist Church) at 1301 V Street SE was erected in 1891 to replace an 1869 church whose foundation had cracked. [6] [33] The 11th Precinct of the Metropolitan Police Department was established in 1901 to patrol the area, [15] the Ketcham School (now Ketcham Elementary School) was built in 1907, [15] and water and sewage service installed between 1904 and 1920. [12] Nonetheless, water and sewage service in the area remained spotty, and some homes drew water from public standpipes as late as the 1960s. [6] [15] The Commissioners of the District of Columbia changed the street names in Anacostia to conform to those in the city of Washington in 1908. [15] [34] In 1920, local African-American Roman Catholics constructed Our Lady of Perpetual Help church on land formerly owned by physician J.C. Norwood. [35] The Fort Stanton site was purchased by National Capital Park Commission (NCPC) for $56,000 in 1926. [36] In 1867, Major General Oliver Otis Howard, commissioner in charge of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, purchased John Barry's farm immediately southwest of Uniontown/Anacostia, subdivided the property, and sold small lots at rock-bottom prices to formerly enslaved people (establishing the neighborhood of Barry Farm). [16] [37] [38] Businessman Arthur Randle purchased the John Jay Knox farm south of St. Elizabeths Asylum and established the new subdivision of Congress Heights in 1890. [30] He purchased undeveloped land south of Pennsylvania Avenue SE and created another new subdivision, Randle Highlands [30] [39] Uniontown/Anacostia, Barry Farm, Congress Heights, and Randle Highlands remained isolated from one another, and most of the land between them was undeveloped until World War II. [23] The oppressive need for housing during the war, brought by a massive influx of federal workers to the capital, led to extensive development of the region and the linking of the area encompassed by the Anacostia Historic District with other parts of Southeast D.C. [23] Only 16 percent of the homes in Southeast Washington below Pennsylvania Avenue SE were built before 1940, but 38 percent were built after 1950. [15]

Suburbanization dramatically changed the area in the 1960s and 1970s. The Anacostia neighborhood, 82.4 percent white in 1950, was only 67.7 percent white in 1960 and 86 percent black by 1970. [15] The influx of large numbers of low-income African Americans, coupled with the economic dislocations caused by the 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination riots, led many businesses to leave the Anacostia business district. [6] [15] [40] During the crack epidemic in Washington in the 1980s, the Anacostia neighborhood became synonymous with crime and violence and had one of the highest crime rates in the District of Columbia (albeit not in all crimes)—leading to further deterioration in the condition of the buildings in the area. [38] [41]

Recent actions regarding the district

The southern part of the Washington Metro's Green Line was originally designed to pass over the 11th Street Bridges to the intersection of Good Hope Road SE and Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE. [42] [43] [44] [45] The site of the Anacostia Station at this intersection led to concerns that the Metro station would destroy the character of historic Anacostia, and after pressure from the federal government Metro moved the site of the station to Howard Road SE. [42]

The Anacostia Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. After the 1990 census required the District government to redistrict the borders of its electoral districts (wards), a proposal was made to split the Anacostia Historic District between Ward 7 and Ward 8. This proposal was defeated. [46]

Efforts have been made to improve the physical and economic conditions in the Historic District. The area's designation as a historic district has been used to prevent the McDonald's corporation from moving into the area, [47] the relocation of a homeless shelter to the area, [48] and the construction of moderate-income rowhouses. [49] In 1992, the city began replacing concrete sidewalks in the Anacostia Historic District with red brick to restore the sidewalks to their original condition. [50] In 2002, the city adopted the Historic Housing Tax Credit Act of 2002, which allowed homeowners in the historic district to claim a tax credit of 50 percent of the cost of renovating their home (up to a limit of $25,000 over five years). [51] Five years later, the D.C. Historic Preservation Office provided $300,000 in $35,000 individual grants to Anacostia residents to help them restore, renovate, and rehabilitate their homes. [52] In 2008, the city increased the budget for the grant program to $900,000. [53]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green Line (Washington Metro)</span> Washington Metro rapid transit line

The Green Line is a rapid transit line of the Washington Metro system, consisting of 21 stations in Washington, D.C., and Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The Green Line runs from Branch Avenue to Greenbelt. It was the last line in the original Metrorail plan to be constructed, and is one of three north–south lines through the city of Washington. The Green Line shares track with the Yellow Line from L'Enfant Plaza to Mount Vernon Square.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anacostia</span> Neighborhood in Washington, D.C.

Anacostia is a historic neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. Its downtown is located at the intersection of Good Hope Road and Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue. It is located east of the Anacostia River, after which the neighborhood is named.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anacostia station</span> Washington Metro station

Anacostia station is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C., on the Green Line. The station is located in the Anacostia neighborhood of Southeast Washington, with entrances at Shannon Place and Howard Road near Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE. The station serves as a hub for Metrobus routes in Southeast, Washington, D.C., and Prince George's County, Maryland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southeast (Washington, D.C.)</span> Quadrant in the United States

Southeast is the southeastern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, and is located south of East Capitol Street and east of South Capitol Street. It includes the Capitol Hill and Anacostia neighborhoods, the Navy Yard, the Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling (JBAB), the U.S. Marine Barracks, the Anacostia River waterfront, Eastern Market, the remains of several Civil War-era forts, historic St. Elizabeths Hospital, RFK Stadium, Nationals Park, and the Congressional Cemetery. It also contains a landmark known as "The Big Chair," located on Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue. The quadrant is split by the Anacostia River, with the portion that is west of the river sometimes referred to as "Near Southeast". Geographically, it is the second-smallest quadrant of the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congress Heights</span> Neighborhood in Washington, D.C., U.S.

Congress Heights is a residential neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C., in the United States. The irregularly shaped neighborhood is bounded by the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus, Lebaum Street SE, 4th Street SE, and Newcomb Street SE on the northeast; Shepard Parkway and South Capitol Street on the west; Atlantic Street SE and 1st Street SE on the south; Oxon Run Parkway on the southeast; and Wheeler Street SE and Alabama Avenue SE on the east. Commercial development is heavy along Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue and Malcolm X Avenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)</span> Major road in Washington, D.C., U.S.

Massachusetts Avenue is a major diagonal transverse road in Washington, D.C., and the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is a historic district that includes part of it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streetcars in Washington, D.C.</span> Streetcars that existed in Washington until 1962

Streetcars in Washington, D.C. transported people across the city and region from 1862 until 1962.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Capitol Street</span>

South Capitol Street is a major street dividing the southeast and southwest quadrants of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It runs south from the United States Capitol to the D.C.–Maryland line, intersecting with Southern Avenue. After it enters Maryland, the street becomes Indian Head Highway at the Eastover Shopping Center, a terminal or transfer point of many bus routes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barney Circle</span> Neighborhood in the United States

Barney Circle is a small residential neighborhood located between the west bank of the Anacostia River and the eastern edge of Capitol Hill in southeast Washington, D.C., in the United States. The neighborhood is characterized by its sense of community, activism, walkability, and historic feel. The neighborhood's name derives from the eponymous former traffic circle Pennsylvania Avenue SE just before it crosses the John Philip Sousa Bridge over the Anacostia. The traffic circle is named for Commodore Joshua Barney, Commander of the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla in the War of 1812.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barry Farm</span> Neighborhood in Ward 8, United States

Barry Farm is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C., located east of the Anacostia River and bounded by the Southeast Freeway to the northwest, Suitland Parkway to the northeast and east, and St. Elizabeths Hospital to the south. The neighborhood was renowned as a significant post-Civil-War settlement of free Blacks and freed slaves established by the Freedmen's Bureau. The streets were named to commemorate the Union generals, Radical Republicans, and Freedmen's Bureau officials who advanced the rights of Black Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction: Howard Road SE for General Oliver O. Howard; Sumner Road SE for Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner; Wade Road SE for Ohio Senator Benjamin Wade; Pomeroy Road SE for Kansas Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy; Stevens Road SE for Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, and Nichols Avenue for Henry Nichols who was the first superintendent of Saint Elizabeth's Hospital. The neighborhood name is not a reference to the late former mayor of Washington, D.C., Marion Barry, but coincidentally has the same spelling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairlawn (Washington, D.C.)</span> Neighborhood in Ward 8, United States

Fairlawn is a working class and middle class residential neighborhood in southeast Washington, D.C., United States. It is bounded by Interstate 295, Pennsylvania Avenue SE, Minnesota Avenue SE, Naylor Road SE, and Good Hope Road SE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Hope (Washington, D.C.)</span> Neighborhood in Ward 7, United States

Good Hope is a residential neighborhood in southeast Washington, D.C., near Anacostia. The neighborhood is generally middle class and is dominated by single-family detached and semi-detached homes. The year-round Fort Dupont Ice Arena skating rink and the Smithsonian Institution's Anacostia Museum are nearby. Good Hope is bounded by Fort Stanton Park to the north, Alabama Avenue SE to the south, Naylor Road SE to the west, and Branch Avenue SE to the east. The proposed Skyland Shopping Center redevelopment project is within the boundaries of the neighborhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenway (Washington, D.C.)</span> Neighborhood in Ward 7, United States

Greenway is a residential neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C., in the United States. The neighborhood is bounded by East Capitol Street to the north, Pennsylvania Avenue SE to the south, Interstate 295 to the west, and Minnesota Avenue to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodland (Washington, D.C.)</span> Place in the United States

Woodland is a small residential and industrial neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. Woodland lies in Washington's Ward 8, among the poorest and least developed of the city's wards. Like the neighborhoods around it, Woodland is almost exclusively African American. Woodland is bounded by Ainger Place SE to the north; Alabama Avenue SE and Knox Place SE to the east; Hartford Street SE to the south; and Langston Place SE, Raynolds Place SE, and Erie Street SE to the southwest. Fort Stanton Park forms the northwest and northern border of the neighborhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Randle Highlands</span> Place in the United States

Randle Highlands is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C., east of the Anacostia River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.)</span> Historical fort in Washington, D.C., US

Fort Stanton was a Civil War-era fortification constructed in the hills above Anacostia in the District of Columbia, USA, and was intended to prevent Confederate artillery from threatening the Washington Navy Yard. It also guarded the approach to the bridge that connected Anacostia with Washington. Built in 1861, the fort was expanded throughout the war and was joined by two subsidiary forts: Fort Ricketts and Fort Snyder. Following the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, it was dismantled and the land returned to its original owner. It never saw combat. Abandoned after the war, the site of the fort was planned to be part of a grand "Fort Circle" park system encircling the city of Washington. Though this system of interconnected parks never was fully implemented, the site of the fort is today a park maintained by the National Park Service, and a historical marker stands near the fort's original location.

The Anacostia and Potomac River Railroad Company was the fourth streetcar company to operate in Washington, D.C., and the first to cross the Anacostia River. It was chartered in 1870, authorized by Congress in 1875 and built later that year. The line ran from the Arsenal to Union Town. It expanded, adding lines to Congressional Cemetery, Central Market and to the Government Hospital for the Insane; and in the late 1890s it purchased two other companies and expanded their lines. It was reluctant to change its operations, but in 1900 it relented to pressure and became the last company to switch from horsecars to electric streetcars. It was one of the few companies not to be swept up by the two major streetcar companies at the turn of the 20th century, but it could not hold out forever and on August 31, 1912, it was purchased by the Washington Railway and Electric Company and ceased to operate as a unique entity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadrants of Washington, D.C.</span> Geographical quadrant

Washington, D.C., is administratively divided into four geographical quadrants of unequal size, each delineated by their ordinal directions from the medallion located in the Crypt under the Rotunda of the Capitol. Street and number addressing, centered on the Capitol, radiates out into each of the quadrants, producing a number of intersections of identically named cross-streets in each quadrant. Originally, the District of Columbia was a near-perfect square but contained more than one settlement; the Capitol was to be the center of the City of Washington. Thus, the Capitol was never located at the geographic center of the whole territory, which was eventually north of the Potomac River, consolidated into one city. As a result, the quadrants are of greatly varying size. Northwest is quite large, encompassing over a third of the city's geographical area, while Southwest is little more than a few neighborhoods, large parks, and a military base.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue</span> Street in District of Columbia, USA

Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue is a major street in the District of Columbia traversing through both the Southwest and Southeast quadrants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge (1890)</span> Bridge in United States of America

The Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge was a crossing of the Anacostia River in Washington, DC at the site of the present John Philip Sousa Bridge. It was constructed in 1890 and demolished around 1939.

References

  1. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Anacostia Historic District." National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. No date. Accessed 2009-12-26.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "A New Historic District." Washington Post. March 5, 1978.
  4. ↑ Donovan, Carrie. "9 Sites On List Of Places In Peril." Washington Post. June 16, 2005.
  5. 1 2 Wheeler, Linda. "Anacostia Hopes Lifeline Is Colored Green." Washington Post. December 24, 1991.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Anacostia Historic District - National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form." National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. October 10, 1978.
  7. 1 2 Anacostia Historic District. D.C. Historic Preservation Office. Office of Planning, District of Columbia. Washington, D.C.: March 2007. Archived 2010-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009-12-26.
  8. ↑ "Boundaries: Anacostia Historic District." Washington Post. November 29, 2003.
  9. ↑ Griswold's subdivision, built in three stages between 1881 and 1894, is bounded by Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue SE, W Street SE, Fort Stanton Park, Hunter Place SE, Howard Road SE, Talbert Terrace SE, and Talbert Street SE. See: Gilmore, and Harrison, "A Catalog of Suburban Subdivisions of the District of Columbia, 1854-1902," Washington History, Fall/Winter 2002/2003.
  10. ↑ Humphrey, Robert L. and Chambers, Mary Elizabeth. "Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley." G.W. Studies. 1977.
  11. 1 2 Rountree, Helen C.; Clark, Wayne E.; and Mountford, Kent. John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607-1609. Charlotte, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2007. ISBN   0-8139-2644-0
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Burr, Charles R. "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin, and Progress." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 1920.
  13. ↑ There is some evidence that Smith was not the first European to visit the area. A Spanish vessel may have brought European explorers to the Anacostia River around 1550. See: Bryan, A History of the National Capital..., 1914, p. 47.
  14. ↑ Williams, Brett. "A River Runs Through Us." American Anthropologist. 103:2 (June 2001).
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cantwell, Thomas J. "Anacostia: Strength in Adversity." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 1973/1974.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bryan, Wilhelmus Bogart. A History of the National Capital from Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
  17. ↑ Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; and Wooldridge, John. Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House, 1892.
  18. ↑ Mann, Bruce H. Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. ISBN   0-674-00902-9
  19. ↑ Croggon, James. "Old 'Burnt Bridge'". Evening Star. July 7, 1907.
  20. ↑ Kober, George M. "The Health of the City of Washington." Charities and the Commons. March 3, 1906.
  21. 1 2 Pippenger, Wesley E. District of Columbia Interments, January 1, 1855, to July 31, 1874. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007. ISBN   1-58549-154-3
  22. 1 2 3 4 Gillette, Howard. Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN   0-8122-1958-9
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Benedetto, Robert; Donovan, Jane; and Du Vall, Kathleen. Historical Dictionary of Washington. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. ISBN   0-8108-4094-4
  24. 1 2 Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; and Ackerman, S.J. On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C. 3rd rev. ed. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2008. ISBN   1-933102-70-5
  25. ↑ Thompson, John and Nowitz, Richard. National Geographic Traveler Washington. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2008. ISBN   1-4262-0225-3
  26. 1 2 Senkevitch, Anatole. Old Anacostia, Washington, D.C.: A Study of Community Preservation Resources. School of Architecture, University of Maryland. 1975.
  27. 1 2 Cooling, B. Franklin. Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. Rev. ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008. ISBN   0-8108-6067-8
  28. ↑ Army and Navy Journal, March 24, 1866.
  29. ↑ McClatchy, J.D. and Lennard, Erica. American Writers at Home. New York: Vendome Press, 2004. ISBN   1-931082-75-8; Horton, James Oliver. Landmarks of African American History. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005. ISBN   0-19-514118-0; McFeely, William S. Frederick Douglass. Reprint ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. ISBN   0-393-31376-X
  30. 1 2 3 Gilmore, Matthew B. and Harrison, Michael R. "A Catalog of Suburban Subdivisions of the District of Columbia, 1854-1902." Washington History. 14:2 (Fall/Winter 2002/2003).
  31. ↑ Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission. 2d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. ISBN   0-8018-8328-8
  32. ↑ "Corner-Stone to be Laid." Washington Post. April 28, 1879.
  33. ↑ "'Emanuel' Church." Washington Post. December 8, 1878; "Laid By Bishop Paret." Washington Post. October 8, 1891; "Church of Emanuel." Washington Post. August 29, 1903.
  34. ↑ "Changes in Street Names." Washington Post. June 7, 1908.
  35. ↑ "Lays Church Cornerstone." Washington Post. October 4, 1920; "Fort Sites Eyed for Future Use." Washington Post. October 2, 1964.
  36. ↑ Record Group 328, Records of the National Park Service, National Archives, General Records, Planting Files, 1924-67, 545-100, Fort Drive, #2, T.C. Jeffers, Landscape Architect, "THE FORT DRIVE, A Chronological History of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947.
  37. ↑ Carpenter, John A. Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999. ISBN   0-8232-1988-7; Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedmen's Bureau. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania, 1955.
  38. 1 2 Banks, James G. The Unintended Consequences: Family and Community, the Victims of Isolated Poverty. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2004. ISBN   0-7618-2857-5
  39. ↑ Randle Highlands is bordered by Minnesota Avenue SE and Pennsylvania Avenue SE on the north, Naylor Road SE on the southwest, and Fort Dupont Park on the south.
  40. ↑ Little rioting had occurred in Anacostia. There were isolated reports of looting and rock-throwing, and two stores burned—relatively minor incidents compared to the tens of city blocks burned and hundreds of stores looted in the rest of the city. See: Asher, Robert L. and Weil, Martin. "City's Diary of Violence Goes On Without Letup." Washington Post. April 7, 1968.
  41. ↑ Edleson, Harriet and Lindroth, David. The Little Black Book of Washington, DC: The Essential Guide to America's Capital. White Plains, N.Y.: Peter Pauper Press, 2007. ISBN   1-59359-868-8; Labbé-DeBose, Theola. "Homicide Increases East of Anacostia." Washington Post. March 2, 2009.
  42. 1 2 Sisler, Peter F. "Decades of Frustrating Debate Kept Green Line Sidetracked." Washington Times. December 27, 1991.
  43. ↑ Burgess, John. "Metro to Halt Start of Leg To Rosecroft." Washington Post. March 18, 1982.
  44. ↑ Feaver, Douglas. "Metro Choices Detailed." Washington Post. October 18, 1977.
  45. ↑ Vesey, Tom. "Green Line War Heats Up Again." Washington Post. June 23, 1982.
  46. ↑ Sanchez, Rene. "Old Anacostia Neighborhood Savors an Unexpected Taste of Political Power." Washington Post. June 6, 1991.
  47. ↑ Mansfield, Virginia. "City Slow to Regulate Fast Food Restaurants." Washington Post. March 21, 1985.
  48. ↑ Bruske, Ed. "Moving of Homeless to Anacostia Protested." Washington Post. October 1, 1985.
  49. ↑ Armstrong, Janice. "Town House Project Opposed." Washington Post. March 29, 1990.
  50. ↑ Henderson, Nell. "Face Lift Begins in Southeast." Washington Post. October 29, 1992.
  51. ↑ "D.C. Gives Credit to Owners of Historic Homes." Washington Post. April 7, 2002.
  52. ↑ Johnson, Jenna. "In Anacostia, Giving New Life to Worn Historic Area." Washington Post. July 5, 2007.
  53. ↑ Plumb, Tierney. "Anacostia Historic District Gets $900,000 in Grants." Washington Business Journal. April 15, 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.