Related Research Articles
Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish. Some strains of V. cholerae are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease cholera, which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species.
Butyric acid (from Ancient Greek: βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut.
Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can grow and reproduce inside the host's cells and is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens: 20 to 30% of foodborne listeriosis infections in high-risk individuals may be fatal. Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the United States annually, listeriosis ranks third in total number of deaths among foodborne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even Salmonella spp. and Clostridium botulinum. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 confirmed cases and 210 reported deaths in 2014, 16% more than in 2013. Listeriosis mortality rates are also higher in the EU than for other foodborne pathogens.
Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.
Butyrivibrio is a genus of bacteria in Class Clostridia. Bacteria of this genus are common in the gastrointestinal systems of many animals. Genus Butyrivibrio was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as anaerobic, butyric acid-producing, curved rods. Butyrivibrio cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 µm by 2 – 5 µm. They are motile, using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous flagellum. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as Gram-negative, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, and electron microscopy indicates that bacteria of this genus have a Gram-positive cell wall type. It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 to 18 nm as they reach stationary phase.
Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, butyrate-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing. It is also strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Its type strain is BSYT.
Roseburia intestinalis is a saccharolytic, butyrate-producing bacterium first isolated from human faeces. It is anaerobic, gram-positive, non-sporeforming, slightly curved rod-shaped and motile by means of multiple subterminal flagella. L1-82T is the type strain.
Roseburia hominis is a bacterium first isolated from human feces. It is anaerobic, Gram-negative or Gram-variable, slightly curved rod-shaped and motile. The cells range in size from 0.5-1.5 to 5.0 μm. A2-183(T) is the type strain.
Clostridium pasteurianum is a bacterium discovered in 1890 by the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky. It was the first free living (non-symbiotic) micro-organism discovered that could fix free nitrogen from the air.
The Lachnospiraceae are a family of obligately anaerobic, variably spore-forming bacteria in the order Clostridiales that ferment diverse plant polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids and alcohols (ethanol). These bacteria are among the most abundant taxa in the rumen and the human gut microbiota. Members of this family may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid. Lachnospiraceae have been found to contribute to diabetes in genetically susceptible (ob/ob) germ-free mice.
Anaerostipes is a Gram positive and anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae. Anaerostipes occurs in the human gut. Anaerostipes may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid.
Anaerostipes butyraticus is a Gram-positive, butyrate-producing and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Anaerostipes which has been isolated from the caecal content of a broiler chicken in Ghent in Belgium.
Anaerostipes caccae is a Gram-variable, anaerobic saccharolytic, rod-shaped butyrate-producing and acetate and lactate-utilising bacterium from the genus of Anaerostipes which has been isolated from human faeces.
Anaerostipes hadrus is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Anaerostipes which has been isolated from human faeces.
Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans is a Gram-negative, sulfate-reducing and butyrate-oxidizing bacterium from the genus of Desulfatirhabdium which has been isolated from anaerobic sludge in the Netherlands.
Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus is a bacterium from the genus of Desulfobotulus which has been isolated from sediments from a soda lake from the Kulunda Steppe in Russia.
Butyricicoccus is a bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum is an anaerobic and butyrate-producing bacterium from the genus of Butyricicoccus which has been isolated from the cecal content of a broiler chicken in Maldegem in Belgium.
Anaerobutyricum hallii is an anaerobic bacterium that lives inside the human digestive system.
Kestose is a class of sugars that belongs to a group of fructooligosaccharides.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Anaerostipes". LPSN .
- ↑ "Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net.
- ↑ "Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-26241". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Bui, TP; de Vos, WM; Plugge, CM (March 2014). "Anaerostipes rhamnosivorans sp. nov., a human intestinal, butyrate-forming bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt 3): 787–93. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.055061-0. PMID 24215821.
