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A meme is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads by means of imitation from person to person within a culture and often carries symbolic meaning representing a particular phenomenon or theme. A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices, that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures. In popular language, a meme may refer to an Internet meme, typically an image, that is remixed, copied, and circulated in a shared cultural experience online.
Memetics is a study of information and culture. While memetics originated as an analogy with Darwinian evolution, digital communication, media, and sociology scholars have also adopted the term "memetics" to describe an established empirical study and theory described as Internet Memetics. Proponents of memetics, as evolutionary culture, describe it as an approach of cultural information transfer. Those arguing for the Darwinian theoretical account tend to begin from theoretical arguments of existing evolutionary models. Those arguing for Internet Memetics, by contrast, tend to avoid reduction to Darwinian evolutionary accounts. Instead some of these suggest distinct evolutionary approaches. Memetics describes how ideas or cultural information can propagate, but doesn't necessarily imply a meme's concept is factual.
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Russell Barnes is a British television producer and director, known primarily for documentaries about science and contemporary history. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and studied history at Christ's College, Cambridge.
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About 8,000 women worked in Bletchley Park, the central site for British cryptanalysts during World War II. Women constituted roughly 75% of the workforce there. While women were overwhelmingly under-represented in high-level work, such as cryptanalysis, they were employed in large numbers in other important work, such as operating cryptographic machinery and communications machinery; translating of Axis documents; traffic analysis; clerical duties, and many more besides. Women made up the majority of Bletchley Park’s workforce, most enlisted in the Women’s Royal Naval Service, WRNS, nicknamed the Wrens.
References
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- ↑ "Third Annual Templeton-Cambridge Fellowships" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-10. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ↑ "Third Annual Temoleton–Cambridge Fellowships" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ↑ "Religion & Spirituality".
- ↑ Rausing, Sigrid (June 29, 2009). "The death of a dream". New Statesman .
- ↑ "At 96, my mother is one of the last surviving Bletchley Park codebreakers | Andrew Brown". TheGuardian.com . 28 March 2014.
- 1 2 "Help thou mine unbelief".
- ↑ Brown, Andrew (1 April 2013). "How do churches get new bums on seats? Get rid of the boring old ones". The Guardian.
- ↑ "The bizarre – and costly – cult of Richard Dawkins". 16 August 2014.
- ↑ Brown, Andrew (8 July 2009). "Serious objections to memes". The Guardian.
- ↑ Gabora, L.; Brown, A. (1 January 1999). "Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 6 (5): 77–85 – via PhilPapers.
- ↑ Brown, Andrew (8 August 2009). "Sam Harris, torture, quotation". The Guardian.
- ↑ Brown, Andrew (25 June 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile". The Guardian.
- ↑ "A Policeman's Lot". Evening Times . Feb 12, 1988. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Rediscovering the gene genius". Sunday Herald . Apr 4, 1999. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "In the Beginning Was the Worm by Andrew Brown". New Scientist. 22 February 2003. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ Edgar, Lois (2006). "In the Beginning Was the Worm: Finding the Secrets of Life in a Tiny Hermaphrodite (Book-Review)". The Quarterly Review of Biology . 81: 49–50. doi:10.1086/503924.
- ↑ "Fishing in Utopia by Andrew Brown". London Evening Standard . Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Fishing in Utopia, By Andrew Brown - Reviews, Books". The Independent . Jul 27, 2008.
- ↑ Oscarson, Christopher (Spring 2010). "Andrew Brown. Fishing in Utopia: Sweden and the Future that Disappeared.(Book review)". Scandinavian Studies . 82 (1): 99. doi:10.2307/40920897. JSTOR 40920897. S2CID 254481073.
- ↑ Bloomsbury.com. "That Was The Church That Was".
- ↑ "Journalist receives first European Religion award". Christian Science Monitor. October 2, 1995. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Record entries for science prize". BBC. 10 May 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Debut book wins Dolman Travel Book award". Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Orwell Prize 2009". Granta. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ↑ "Sverigeskildring fick Orwellpris". Svenska Dagbladet . Retrieved 27 April 2013.
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