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Substance abuse,also known as drug abuse,is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health,medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases,criminal or anti-social behaviour occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug,and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical,social,and psychological harm,the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties,although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.
Harm reduction,or harm minimization,refers to a range of public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors,both legal and illegal. Harm reduction is used to decrease negative consequences of recreational drug use and sexual activity without requiring abstinence,recognizing that those unable or unwilling to stop can still make positive change to protect themselves and others.
The effects of cannabis are caused by chemical compounds in the cannabis plant,including 113 different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 120 terpenes,which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Different plants of the genus Cannabis contain different and often unpredictable concentrations of THC and other cannabinoids and hundreds of other molecules that have a pharmacological effect,so that the final net effect cannot reliably be foreseen.
Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches not having sex outside of marriage. It often excludes other types of sexual and reproductive health education,such as birth control and safe sex. Comprehensive sex education,by contrast,covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.
Adolescent health,or youth health,is the range of approaches to preventing,detecting or treating young people's health and well-being.
The health action process approach (HAPA) is a psychological theory of health behavior change,developed by Ralf Schwarzer,Professor of Psychology at the Freie University Berlin of Berlin,Germany and SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities,Wroclaw,Poland,first published in 1992.
The long-term effects of cannabis have been the subject of ongoing debate. Because cannabis is illegal in most countries,clinical research presents a challenge and there is limited evidence from which to draw conclusions. In 2017,the U.S. National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine issued a report summarizing much of the published literature on health effects of cannabis,into categories regarded as conclusive,substantial,moderate,limited and of no or insufficient evidence to support an association with a particular outcome.
Cannabis use disorder (CUD),also known as cannabis addiction or marijuana addiction,is defined in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and ICD-10 as the continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment.
HIV prevention refers to practices that aim to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV prevention practices may be undertaken by individuals to protect their own health and the health of those in their community,or may be instituted by governments and community-based organizations as public health policies.
Adolescent sexuality in Canada is not as well documented as adolescent sexuality in the United States;despite the proximity of the two nations,Canada has its own unique culture and generalizations about Canadian adolescent sexuality based on American research can be misleading. Because of this,several surveys and studies have been conducted which acquired information on Canadian adolescent sexuality. Surveys which provide this information include the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS),the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY). According to information drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey and the National Population Health Survey,in 2005 43% of teens aged 15 to 19 reported that they had had sexual intercourse at least once.
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus is a licensed clinical psychologist and professor with the University of California,Los Angeles,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences. Rotheram is the professor-in-residence in the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior. She is the Director of the Global Center for Children and Families at UCLA and the former director of the Center for HIV Identification,Prevention,and Treatment Services.
David DuPuy Celentano is a noted epidemiologist and professor who has contributed significantly to the promotion of research on HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). He is the Charles Armstrong chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He holds joint appointments with the school’s departments of Health Policy and Management,Health Behavior and Society,and International Health,and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine’s Division of Infectious Diseases.
William W. Latimer is an infectious disease epidemiologist. He is the Vice President of the Bronx Campus of Mercy College.
Wendee M. Wechsberg is an American social science researcher. Wechsberg's research focuses on developing and testing the efficacy of HIV prevention interventions among key populations of substance abusers globally. She is a recognized expert in the fields of substance abuse,gender inequality,and HIV. She developed the Women's CoOp intervention,a woman-focused behavioral HIV intervention that incorporates gender- and culture-specific skills training. Wechsberg is a Principal Researcher and Director of the Substance Use,Gender,and Applied Research (SUGAR) Program at RTI International and Director of the RTI Global Gender Center. She is also adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Gillings School of Global Public Health,Adjunct Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University (NCSU),and adjunct professor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine.
Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected or become pregnant,or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things:the behavior itself,the description of the partner's behavior. The behavior could be unprotected vaginal,oral,or anal intercourse. The partner could be a nonexclusive partner,HIV-positive,or an intravenous drug user. Drug use is associated with risky sexual behaviors.
Jeffrey T. Parsons is an American psychologist,researcher,and educator;he was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and was the Director of Hunter College’s Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies &Training,which he founded in 1996. Parsons was trained as a developmental psychologist and applied this training to understand health,with a particular emphasis on HIV prevention and treatment. He was known for his research on HIV risk behaviors of gay,bisexual,and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM),HIV-related syndemics,and sexual compulsivity. He resigned his positions at CUNY on July 3,2019,following a year-long university investigation of misconduct allegations against him.
Human sexual promiscuity is the practice of having many different sexual partners. In the case of men,this behavior of sexual nondiscrimination and hypersexuality is referred to as satyriasis,while in the case of women,this behavior is conventionally known as nymphomania. Both conditions are regarded as possibly compulsive and pathological qualities,closely related to hyper-sexuality. The results of,or costs associated with,these behaviors are the effects of human sexual promiscuity.
Marguerita Lightfoot is a counseling psychologist known for her research in the field of preventive medicine,especially in regard to HIV prevention and advocacy for homeless youth. She is Professor of Medicine at the University of California,San Francisco School of Medicine and the Chief of the Division of Prevention Science. She serves on the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine Committee on Fostering Healthy Mental,Emotional,and Behavioral Development among Children and Youth.
Debra A. Murphy is a Professor Emerita at the University of California,Los Angeles in the Department of Psychiatry.
William Bunker Hansen is a researcher in the field of prevention science. He was a charter member and a vice president of the Society for Prevention Research. In 1993 he founded Tanglewood Research. He has authored over 40 versions of alcohol,tobacco,and other substance abuse prevention programs,most notably the All Stars (Prevention) series of prevention programs.
References
- ↑ Brehaut, Laura. "Would a wad of broccoli convince you to eat ... your broccoli? | The Guardian". www.theguardian.pe.ca. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- 1 2 3 Owermohle, Sarah. "Why we don't know much about pot". Politico PRO. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ↑ Weissmann, Jordan (2018-10-07). "What's It Like to Study the Effects of Marijuana in a State Where Cannabis is Legal?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- 1 2 3 Harrar, Sari. "Researchers Find Ways to Probe Cannabis' Health Effects". AARP. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ↑ "Angela Bryan". Psychology and Neuroscience. 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- 1 2 "Angela Bryan". CUChange. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ "APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology".
- ↑ "Committee on Scientific Awards Names Recipients". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Angela Bryan: Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology". American Psychologist. 61 (8): 802–804. 2006. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.802. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 17115816.
- ↑ Bryan, A. D. (1998). "Psychosocial and contextual determinants of condom use among incarcerated adolescents". Doctoral Dissertation, Arizona State University.
- ↑ "Neurotree - Angela Bryan Family Tree". neurotree.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ Giardina, John (2015-09-11). "Angela Bryan, PhD | Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP)" . Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ "Angela Bryan". Psychology and Neuroscience. 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
- ↑ "Project Information "ALCOHOL USE AND HIV RISK: AN INTERVENTION" NIH RePORTER - NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results". projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ "Project Information "DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER PREVENTION: DURATION AND INTENSITY OF EXERCISE" NIH RePORTER - NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results". projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ Bryan, Angela D.; Magnan, Renee E.; Hooper, Ann E. Caldwell; Harlaar, Nicole; Hutchison, Kent E. (2013). "Physical Activity and Differential Methylation of Breast Cancer Genes Assayed from Saliva: A Preliminary Investigation". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 45 (1): 89–98. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9411-4. ISSN 0883-6612. PMC 3548059 . PMID 23054940.
- ↑ "Project Information "EXPLORING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF CANNABIS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO INSULIN SENSITIVITY" NIH RePORTER - NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results". projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ Bryan, Angela; Ray, Lara A.; Cooper, M. Lynne (2007). "Alcohol Use and Protective Sexual Behaviors Among High-Risk Adolescents". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 68 (3): 327–335. doi:10.15288/jsad.2007.68.327. ISSN 1937-1888. PMID 17446971.
- 1 2 Bryan, Angela; Rocheleau, Courtney A.; Robbins, Reuben N.; Hutchinson, Kent E. (2005). "Condom Use Among High-Risk Adolescents: Testing the Influence of Alcohol Use on the Relationship of Cognitive Correlates of Behavior". Health Psychology. 24 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.133. ISSN 1930-7810. PMC 1199528 . PMID 15755227.
- 1 2 Karoly, Hollis C.; Milburn, Michael A.; Brooks-Russell, Ashley; Brown, Mary; Streufert, Jessica; Bryan, Angela D.; Lovrich, Nicholas P.; DeJong, William; Bidwell, L. Cinnamon (2020-09-10). "Effects of High-Potency Cannabis on Psychomotor Performance in Frequent Cannabis Users". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 7 (1): 107–115. doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0048 . ISSN 2578-5125. PMC 8864436. PMID 33998859.
- 1 2 Price, Stephanie (2020-02-05). "The new 'runner's high': the benefits of mixing cannabis and exercise". Health Europa. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (2019-05-08). "The Stoner as Gym Rat (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-12-01.
- 1 2 YorkWilliams, Sophie L.; Gust, Charleen J.; Mueller, Raeghan; Bidwell, L. Cinnamon; Hutchison, Kent E.; Gillman, Arielle S.; Bryan, Angela D. (2019). "The New Runner's High? Examining Relationships Between Cannabis Use and Exercise Behavior in States With Legalized Cannabis". Frontiers in Public Health. 7: 99. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00099 . ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 6503143 . PMID 31114776.
- ↑ Gardiner, Casey K.; Bryan, Angela D. (2017). "Monetary Incentive Interventions Can Enhance Psychological Factors Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (4): 599–609. doi: 10.1007/s12160-017-9882-4 . ISSN 0883-6612. PMID 28176150.
- ↑ Gardiner, Casey K; Hagerty, Sarah L; Bryan, Angela D (2019-10-30). "Stress and number of servings of fruit and vegetables consumed: Buffering effects of monetary incentives". Journal of Health Psychology. 26 (10): 1757–1763. doi:10.1177/1359105319884620. ISSN 1359-1053. PMID 31665933. S2CID 204967919.
- ↑ "Stressed? Try rewarding yourself for eating fruits and veggies". Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2020-12-02.