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The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC),also called the FISA Court,is a U.S. federal court established under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 is a United States federal law that establishes procedures for the surveillance and collection of foreign intelligence on domestic soil.
The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISCR) is a U.S. federal court whose sole purpose is to review denials of applications for electronic surveillance warrants by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. The FISCR was established by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 and consists of a panel of three judges. Like the FISC,the FISCR is not an adversarial court;rather,the only party to the court is the federal government,although other parties may submit briefs as amici curiae if they are made aware of the proceedings. Papers are filed and proceedings are held in secret. Records of the proceedings are kept classified,though copies of the proceedings with sensitive information redacted are very occasionally made public. The government may appeal decisions of the FISCR to the Supreme Court of the United States,which hears appeals on a discretionary basis.
The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11,2001 attacks. It has ten titles,each containing numerous sections. Title II:Enhanced Surveillance Procedures granted increased powers of surveillance to various government agencies and bodies. This title has 25 sections,with one of the sections containing a sunset clause which sets an expiration date,December 31,2005,for most of the title's provisions. This was extended twice:on December 22,2005 the sunset clause expiration date was extended to February 3,2006 and on February 2 of the same year it was again extended,this time to March 10.
NSA warrantless surveillance —also commonly referred to as "warrantless-wiretapping" or "-wiretaps" —was the surveillance of persons within the United States,including U.S. citizens,during the collection of notionally foreign intelligence by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program. In late 2001,the NSA was authorized to monitor,without obtaining a FISA warrant,phone calls,Internet activities,text messages and other forms of communication involving any party believed by the NSA to be outside the U.S.,even if the other end of the communication lies within the U.S.
Colleen Constance Kollar-Kotelly is an American lawyer serving as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and was previously presiding judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
The following is a section summary of the USA PATRIOT Act,Title II. The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11,2001 attacks. Title II:Enhanced Surveillance Procedures gave increased powers of surveillance to various government agencies and bodies. This title has 25 sections,with one of the sections containing a sunset clause which sets an expiration date,of 31 December 2005,for most of the title's provisions. On 22 December 2005,the sunset clause expiration date was extended to 3 February 2006.
Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without court-issued search warrants.
Michael Wise Mosman is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. He served as Chief Judge for the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon from February 1,2016,to December 23,2019. He also served a 7-year term on the FISA Court from May 4,2013,to May 3,2020. He previously served as the United States attorney for the same district.
Clyde Roger Vinson was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. Until May 3,2013,he was also a member of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
Harold Albert Baker was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. He was originally appointed to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois in 1978 by Jimmy Carter and then reassigned to the newly created Central District in 1979. He became a senior judge in 1994. He was also a judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court until 2005.
George Carter Carr was an American lawyer and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
Rosemary Mayers Collyer is an inactive Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia,and a former judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
John Edwards Conway was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico.
James Parker Jones is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia. He served as a judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2015 to 2022. He served as a judge of the United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court from 2016 to 2021.
Mary Agnes McLaughlin is an American lawyer who is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
James Robertson was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from 1994 until his retirement in June 2010. Robertson also served on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2002 until December 2005,when he resigned from that court in protest against warrantless wiretapping.
Clapper v. Amnesty International USA,568 U.S. 398 (2013),was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Amnesty International USA and others lacked standing to challenge section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978,as amended by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008.
Carter William Page is an American petroleum industry consultant and a former foreign-policy adviser to Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential election campaign. Page is the founder and managing partner of Global Energy Capital,a one-man investment fund and consulting firm specializing in the Russian and Central Asian oil and gas business.
The Nunes memo is a four-page memorandum written for U.S. Representative Devin Nunes by his staff and released to the public by the Republican-controlled House Intelligence Committee on February 2,2018. The memo alleges that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) "may have relied on politically motivated or questionable sources" to obtain a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) warrant in October 2016 and in three subsequent renewals on Trump adviser Carter Page in the early phases of the FBI's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
References
- ↑ Biographical Directory of the Federal Judiciary. Bernan Press. 2001. ISBN 9780890592588.
- 1 2 Anne C. Conway at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a publication of the Federal Judicial Center .
- ↑ "fas.org, THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT: 2016 Membership".
- ↑ Savage, Charlie (July 21, 2018). "Carter Page FISA Documents Are Released by Justice Department". New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
- ↑ FISA Application for Warrant for Carter Page
- 1 2 "FISA Applications Confirm: The FBI Relied on the Unverified Steele Dossier | National Review". National Review. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
- ↑ "CGR Board of Advisors". UF Law. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-01-21.