Antonio Gallenga | |
|---|---|
 Gallenga in 1861 | |
| Born | 4 November 1810 Parma |
| Died | 17 December 1895 (aged 85) Llandogo |
| Occupation | writer |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | University of Parma |
Antonio Carlo Napoleone Gallenga (1810–1895) was an Italian author and patriot.
He was born at Parma on November 4, 1810. He was the eldest son of a Piedmontese of good family, who served for ten years in the French army under Masséna and Napoleon. [1]
He had finished his education at the University of Parma, when the French Revolution of 1830 caused a ferment in Italy. He sympathized with the movement, and within a few months was successively a conspirator, a state prisoner, a combatant and a fugitive. For the next five years he lived a wandering life in France, Spain and Africa. In August 1836, he embarked for New York, [2] and three years later he proceeded to England, where he supported himself as a translator and teacher of languages. [1]
In 1854, through Cavour's influence, he was elected a deputy to the Italian parliament. He retained his seat until 1864, passing the summer in England and fulfilling his parliamentary duties at Turin in the winter. On the outbreak of the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859, he proceeded to Lombardy as war correspondent of The Times . The campaign was so brief that the fighting was over before he arrived, but his connection with The Times endured for twenty years. He was a forcible and picaresque writer, with a remarkable command of the English language. In 1876, he was the first to describe, along with Edwin Pears, the Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria for the British public. [3] [4] [5] He materially helped to establish that friendly feeling towards Italy which became traditional in England. [1]
In 1859, Gallenga purchased the Falls, at Llandogo on the Wye, as a residence, and to there he retired in 1885. He died at this house on December 17, 1895. He was twice married. [1]
Among his chief works are
Gallenga's earlier publications appeared under the pseudonym of Luigi Mariotti. [1]
Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland.
Ferdinand II was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his death in 1859.
Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, jingoism is excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism.
Thomas Wright was an English antiquarian and writer. He is chiefly remembered as an editor of medieval texts.
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Januarius Aloysius MacGahan was an American journalist and war correspondent working for the New York Herald and the London Daily News. His articles describing the massacre of Bulgarian civilians by Turkish soldiers and irregular volunteers in 1876 created public outrage in Europe, and were a major factor in preventing Britain from supporting Turkey in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which led to Bulgaria gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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Elias Riggs was an American Presbyterian missionary and linguist.
Sir Henry George Elliot was a British diplomat. He was the second son of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto. He was most noted for his period as ambassador at Constantinople, and his participation in the 1876-77 Constantinople Conference. Elliot took a pro-Turkish line despite the ‘Bulgarian atrocities’. He argued in a dispatch he made on 4 September 1876 "that British interests in preventing change in the Turkish empire were 'not affected by the question whether it was 10,000 or 20,000 persons who perished in the suppression'. As a result of the unpopularity in Britain of his pragmatism in the face of atrocities he was relocated to Vienna in 1877. He died at home in 1907.
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The Battle of Roccavione was the last battle of the invasion of the territory of Asti by Angevine troops from the Kingdom of Sicily. Charles I of Sicily was defeated, and his entire invasion failed. The battle was also the end of the Astigiani participation in the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and the end of Charles' intervention in the rest of the Italian Peninsula.
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Albert Long was an American Methodist pastor who devoted much of his life preaching in the Balkans. During his missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire he contributed to the Bulgarian National Revival. Long's contributed significantly to the translation of the Bible in modern Bulgarian. This translation established the literary norms of the contemporary Bulgarian language.
Attribution:This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleone". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 417.
Toni Cerutti: Antonio Gallenga. An Italian writer in Victorian England. London [etc.]: Oxford University Press for the Univ. of Hull, 1974.
