Antonio Zambrana | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Antonio Zambrana y Vázquez June 19, 1846 Havana, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire |
| Died | March 27, 1922 (aged 75) Havana, Cuba |
| Nationality |  Cuba |
Antonio Zambrana (June 19, 1846 - March 27, 1922) was a Cuban lawyer, jurist, writer, and politician.
Antonio Zambrana was born in Havana, Spanish Cuba on June 19, 1846. [1] Zambrana's early education was guided by José de la Luz y Caballero at his El Salvador school (Spanish : Colegio El Salvador). [2] He later pursued legal studies and earned his doctorate in 1867.
When the Ten Years' War erupted in October 1868, Zambrana threw his support behind the insurrection against Spanish authority.
He was a member of the Central Assembly of Representatives (Spanish : Asamblea de Representantes del Centro). Zambrana and fellow signatories Salvador Cisneros Betancourt, Eduardo Agramonte, Ignacio Agramonte, and Francisco Sánchez Betancourt endorsed the Decree of Abolition of Slavery (Spanish : Abolición de la Esclavitud) in Camagüey on February 26, 1869. [3]
On April 10, 1869, he participated in the Guáimaro Assembly as a delegate of Camagüey and was elected secretary of the House of Representatives. [4] [5] Zambrana and Ignacio Agramonte were designated to draft the proposal of the Guáimaro Constitution. [6] On April 11, the Assembly set up the government with Salvador Cisneros Betancourt as president and Zambrana and Agramonte as secretaries. [7]
In Havana, on November 7, 1870, a court-martial found Zambrana and other members of the Cuban Junta of New York guilty of treason and rebellion, with a death sentence by garrote pending if they were captured by Spanish authorities. [8]
Seeking support for Cuban Independence, he went to the United States in 1873. [9] During his time in New York, created various newspapers and published La República de Cuba. [10] Following extensive preparations and fundraising, Zambrana and Gen. Manuel de Quesada traveled to Latin American countries including Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru. [11] He wrote El Negro Francisco, an antislavery novel which was published in 1875 in Santiago de Chile. [12] He soon established himself in Costa Rica, working as both a jurist and professor.
On February 5, 1883, the Alvarez-Zambrana treaty between the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of Costa Rica was established. Zambrana was appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary by Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President of the Republic of Costa Rica. [13]
In 1886, he returned to Cuba and founded the newspaper El Cubano in Havana. [14]
In 1891, he returned to San José, Costa Rica, where he continued his work in law and education. [15] He worked as a lawyer for Antonio Maceo, who established himself as a sugar planter in Nicoya. [16]
His most distinguished work was developed at the University of Costa Rica School of Law, where he taught Legal History and Roman Law. Zambrana was the first person in Costa Rica to author texts on Roman Law. [17] He also held the role of Dean at the Law School. [18] Appointed by the Costa Rican Congress in 1904, he assumed the role of magistrate within the Court of cassation of Costa Rica's Supreme Court of Justice. Following his re-election in 1908, he continued in his role until resigning in 1911, at which point he departed Costa Rica.
Antonio Zambrana died in Havana, Cuba on March 27, 1922. [19]
The Ten Years' War, also known as the Great War and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third-largest city with more than 333,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province.
Ignacio Agramonte y Loynaz was a Cuban revolutionary, who played an important part in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).
Florida is a municipality and city in the Camagüey Province of Cuba. It is located 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Camagüey, along the Carretera Central highway. The city was established in 1907, and the municipality was established in 1924. Of all the municipalities of the Cuban province of Camagüey, Florida is third in area size. The name is Spanish for Land of flowers.
The Guáimaro Constitution was the governing document written by the idealistic and politically liberal faction in the insurgency that contested Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and imposed on Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, the conservative who claimed leadership of the independence movement. It was nominally in effect from 1869 to 1878 during the Ten Years' War against Spain, the first of a series of conflicts that led to Cuban independence in 1898.
Joaquín de Agüero was a Cuban revolutionary. In 1843 he freed all his slaves. In 1851 he headed an insurrection against the Spanish government, in the central part of the island coinciding with the filibustering Lopez Expedition. After a desperate contest, he was defeated in battle, captured, and shot, together with his main followers.
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Francisco Adolfo "Flor" Crombet Tejera was a Cuban patriot and participated in the three independence conflicts. He was appointed head, in commission, of the division of Cuba and Bayamo and was Major General. He landed with Antonio Maceo Grajales for "Duaba". He participated in the Ten Years' War and protested with Maceo in Mangos de Baraguá in defense of the total and definitive independence of Cuba.
Gaspar Betancourt y Cisneros, also known as "El Lugareño", was a Cuban revolutionary, writer, and pioneer of Cuban journalism.
Salvador Cisneros y Betancourt was a Cuban revolutionary and statesman, who was the only Cuban to become the president of the Republic of Cuba twice.
Francisco Sánchez Betancourt, was a Cuban revolutionary and politician.
Augusto Arango was a Cuban revolutionary and mambí General who was assassinated by Spanish authorities in Cuba during the Ten Years' War.
Tomás Pío Betancourt was a Cuban landowner, lawyer, botanist, and the first historian of the town of Camagüey in Cuba.
The Las Clavellinas Uprising was a military engagement of the Ten Years' War. It took place on November 4, 1868, at the Las Clavellinas estate, near Puerto Príncipe in Cuba. It was the initial armed uprising in the Camagüey Province against the Spanish colonial government.
Eduardo Agramonte y Piña was a Cuban revolutionary, doctor, and politician who was killed during the Ten Years' War in Cuba.
Ángel del Castillo y Agramonte was a Cuban revolutionary and military general who was killed during the Ten Years' War in Cuba.
José Tomás Betancourt was a Cuban revolutionary executed alongside Joaquín de Agüero by the Spanish authorities for his role in the early fight for Cuba's independence.
The Battle of Bonilla was a military engagement of the Ten Years' War. It took place on November 28, 1868, at Minas, in Puerto Príncipe in Cuba. After the Las Clavellinas Uprising in the province, the Spanish colonial government sent experienced military officers to quell the rebellion.
The Battle of El Salado occurred on January 7, 1869, during the Ten Years' War, near Salado River and the Salado settlement, in the municipality of Río Cauto, Granma Province, in Cuba.