Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz [1] |
| Born | March 29, 1833 Puerto Principe, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire |
| Died | January 29, 1884 San Jose, Costa Rica |
| Allegiance |  Cuba |
| Service/ | Mexican Army Cuban Liberation Army |
| Rank | Major General |
| Battles/wars |
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Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz (March 29, 1833 - January 29, 1884) was a Cuban revolutionary and the first General-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army who fought against Spain in the Ten Years' War.
Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz was born in Puerto Principe (now Camagüey), Spanish Cuba on March 29, 1833. [2] He was part of a distinguished Cuban family, with parents Pedro Manuel de Quesada and Carmen Loynaz y Miranda. His sister Ana de Quesada y Loynaz would later marry Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. [3]
In the mid-1850s, he left Cuba and relocated to Mexico. Quesada joined the Army of Mexico as a second lieutenant in 1856. [4] During the Reform War from 1857 to 1861, he fought on the side of the Mexican liberals and Benito Juárez. Amid a three-year civil war and the eventual defeat of the Mexican conservatives, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. The Cuban fought under Juárez as Chief of the Armed Forces in 1860.
Emperor Napoleon dispatched French troops to Mexico in 1861 due to Mexico's unpaid debts to European countries, leading to the Second French intervention in Mexico. [5] Quesada took charge of the initial confrontation against the French invaders at Rinconada in Veracruz in 1862. [6] Despite being outnumbered and under-equipped, Quesada and the Mexican forces under Ignacio Zaragoza and Porfirio Díaz defeated a French force at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. The victory is commemorated by Cinco De Mayo. Quesada achieved distinction and was promoted to the rank of divisional general. [7]
Juárez's government was eventually ousted from the Mexican capital by the French invasion, which established the monarchy of Archduke Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico. Quesada provided protection for President Juárez during the government's evacuation to San Luis Potosí in 1863. He was later entrusted with high-ranking roles, acting as the Military Governor of Tlaxcala, Coahuila, and Durango. [8]
Once he and his brother Rafael de Quesada left the service, they became involved in the Cuban fight for independence. In 1865, General Quesada relocated to New York.[ citation needed ]
In the summer of 1868, Quesada and Cuban patriot Pablo Perez were covertly in Camagüey to help coordinate an insurrection and address any shortages in military supplies. When the conditions for an uprising had not materialized, he returned to the United States. He then traveled to Nassau as an agent of the Cuban Republic until news of the Yara insurrection. [2]
At the outbreak of the Ten Years' War in October 1868, he organized an expedition with men, arms, and ammunition to aid the insurrection. [9] On December 27, 1868, the first expedition on the schooner Galvanic landed at La Guanaja with 83 men, and an armament composed of thousands of weapons and ammunition. La Verdad published that $31,000 was collected for the expedition. [10] Soon after, the Revolutionary Committee of Camagüey appointed him to the position of General-in-Chief of the Camagüeyan forces.
The guerrilla warfare campaign led by Gen. Manuel de Quesada secured important towns in the interior region between Nuevitas and Puerto Principe. [11]
On February 18, 1869, an expedition left Nuevitas for the interior, consisting of four steamers and 3600 Spanish troops under Gen. Lesca to raise the siege of Puerto Principe. [12] By March 1869, the Cuban forces under Quesada were involved in the Battle of the Sierra de Cubitas. It was an attempt to prevent Brig. Gen. Lesca's advance into Puerto Principe to the capital. [13]
On April 12, 1869, the Guáimaro Constitution was drafted and the first Cuban government was established in Guáimaro of Camagüey Province. Upon its establishment, the House of Representatives took on the responsibility of delegating positions. When Carlos Manuel de Céspedes was sworn in as its first president, Manuel de Quesada was appointed by the Guáimaro Assembly as the first General-in-chief of the Cuban Liberation Army, with Gen. Thomas Jordan as his chief of staff. [4]
The division's first battalion was composed of 320 foot soldiers and 80 cavalrymen. [14] Quesada was described as wearing a black or grey suit, a white shirt, a Cuban cockade with 'V.C.L.' initials in gold, and a sword with an eagle-shaped gold hilt. His staff wore red flannel shirts, patent leather boots, Panama hats, and cockades bearing silver 'V.C.L.' initials. The uniform of his escort included blue flannel shirts, white or black pants, and Panama hats. [15]
In May 1869, Quesada fought in the Battle of Las Minas, where he and Ángel del Castillo gathered over 4,000 troops and established a fortified position beyond Las Minas. Gen. Lesca launched an attack on their stronghold, prompting Salvador Cisneros Betancourt to come to their aid. The Cubans, wielding machetes and cane-knives, charged the Spanish forces and drove them from the field. [16]
On June 6, 1869, Quesada's forces intercepted a convoy bound for Las Tunas, defeating 600 Spanish troops and capturing four wagons filled with provisions, ammunition, and important papers.
On August 16, 1869, Quesada commanded the mambises in the Battle of Las Tunas, clashing with forces under the command of General José Valera. [17]
Upon learning of the brutal conduct of the Spaniards, Gen. Quesada wrote to Spanish Gen. Lesca to seek a mutual agreement on the treatment of prisoners of war. Lesca's reply indicated no intention to change Spanish practices, leaving the Cubans no alternative but to adopt similar measures. Consequently, in October 1869, Quesada informed the Cuban Congress and ordered the execution of 67 prisoners who had voluntarily joined the Cuban army but were found to be part of a treacherous conspiracy to betray the Cubans. [18]
By December 1869, Quesada was relieved of command by the House of Representatives because of his dictatorial approach to military leadership. [19] Quesada who had chief control of military affairs was succeeded by Gen. Thomas Jordan and Maj. Gen. Ignacio Agramonte. [20]
In January 1870, Quesada was assigned to the United States to head the foreign mission abroad as a special agent of the Cuban Republic. Gen. Quesada engaged with different Cuban associations, clubs, and gatherings in the United States, which were held to secure financial and other support for the war. [21] He gathered extensive war materials, organized filibustering expeditions, and dispatched men, ammunition, and paper currency for the Republic in Arms. He also began publishing a pamphlet titled the Informe Oficial. [22]
In April 1870, Gen. Quesada arrived in Washington, DC to explore additional methods of securing assistance from the United States. Quesada, with the aid and financial resources provided by the Cuban Junta, acquired the Virgin, a former Confederate blockade runner, and renamed it to Virginius. [23] In September, the steamer was registered in New York under the name of American James F. Patterson on Quesada's behalf. [24]
In the middle of January 1873, the Edgar Stuart expedition, organized by Quesada alongside Gen. William A.C. Ryan, was dispatched with Col. Aguera in command. Later, in July 1873, another of Quesada's expeditions successfully landed from Aspinwall. [25]
In October 1873, the ill-fated Virginius Affair marked the final expedition of the steamship acquired and deployed by Quesada. It led to the capture and execution of the crew and some of the passengers by Spanish authorities. Following this, Quesada addressed the U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant in the Address of Cuba to the United States published by Comes, Lawrence & Co. in New York on December 4, 1873. [26]
Following the Pact of Zanjón, he relocated to Costa Rica in 1879. [27]
Manuel de Quesada died in San Jose, Costa Rica on January 29, 1884. [27] He was buried in the Cementerio General de San José in Costa Rica.
In 1925, his nephew and the 6th President of Cuba Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada wrote a book titled Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz. [28]
The national flag of Cuba consists of five alternating stripes and a red equilateral triangle at the hoist, within which is a white five-pointed star. It was designed in 1849 and officially adopted May 20, 1902. The flag is referred to as the Estrella Solitaria, or the Lone Star flag. It is in the stars and stripes flag family.
The Virginius Affair was a diplomatic dispute that occurred from October 1873 to February 1875 between the United States, Great Britain, and Spain during the Ten Years' War. Virginius was a fast American ship hired by Cuban insurrectionists to land men and munitions in Cuba to attack the Spanish regime there. It was captured by the Spanish, who wanted to try the men onboard as pirates and execute them. The Spanish executed 53 men but stopped when the British government intervened.
The Ten Years' War, also known as the Great War and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third-largest city with more than 333,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province.
Ignacio Agramonte y Loynaz was a Cuban revolutionary, who played an important part in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo was a Cuban revolutionary hero and First President of Cuba in Arms in 1868. Cespedes, who was a plantation owner in Cuba, freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which started the Ten Years' War (1868–1878). This was the first of three wars of independence, the third of which, the Cuban War of Independence led to the end of Spanish rule in 1898 and Cuba's independence in 1902.
The Guáimaro Constitution was the governing document written by the idealistic and politically liberal faction in the insurgency that contested Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and imposed on Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, the conservative who claimed leadership of the independence movement. It was nominally in effect from 1869 to 1878 during the Ten Years' War against Spain, the first of a series of conflicts that led to Cuban independence in 1898.
Francisco Vicente Aguilera was a Cuban patriot born in Bayamo, Cuba on June 23, 1821. He had ten children with his wife Ana Manuela Maria Dolores Sebastiana Kindelan y Sanchez. He studied at the University of Havana receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws.
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada was a Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and President of Cuba.
Joaquín de Agüero was a Cuban revolutionary. In 1843 he freed all his slaves. In 1851 he headed an insurrection against the Spanish government, in the central part of the island coinciding with the filibustering Lopez Expedition. After a desperate contest, he was defeated in battle, captured, and shot, together with his main followers.
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The Cuban Liberation Army, colloquially known as the Mambí Army was an insurgent army which was formed in the last third of the 19th century and fought for independence from Spain and the abolition of slavery. It first saw combat in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) under the command of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Ignacio Agramonte, and Carlos Roloff. The independentists were decentralized and operated within their own regions autonomously of each other, until the Assembly of Guáimaro established the Republic-in-Arms of Cuba and the Liberation Army's command structure. After the Pact of Zanjón, a brief uprising called the Little War saw Major-Generals Calixto García and Antonio Maceo lead the Army of Liberation in another attempt at independence and the abolition of slavery, though unsuccessfully. Finally, during the War of Independence, the Liberation Army was once again organized to fight against the Spanish colonial government. The Liberation Army would reach its highest count of active members in the Spanish-American War, when an imminent Cuban-American victory caused hitherto anti-independence elites to join the Liberation Army. These recruits were nicknamed "Sunflowers" because they "point to where the sun is shining".
Jesús del Sol was a Cuban statesman and high-ranking Cuban military figure who was executed in the Virginius Affair during the Ten Years' War.
Bernabé Varona, also known as Bembetta, was a Cuban revolutionary and Mambí general who was executed during the Ten Years' War in 1873.
Joseph Fry was a former U.S. Naval Officer, Confederate Civil War veteran, and commander of the ill-fated Virginius.
William A.C. Ryan, also known as William Albert Charles Ryan was a Canadian-born Civil War veteran and Mambí colonel who was executed in the Virginius Affair during the Ten Years' War.
Juan N. Burriel was a Spanish army general who served in the Second Carlist War, Spanish-Moroccan War, and Ten Years' War.
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