Archaeology in Saskatchewan

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Archaeology in Saskatchewan, Canada, is supported by professional and amateur interest, privately funded and not-for-profit organizations, and governmental and citizen co-operation with the primary incentive to encourage archaeological awareness and interest in the heritage that defines the province to this date. The landscape of Saskatchewan hosts substantial prehistoric (pre-contact; before 1690 C.E.) and historic (after the start of European exploration; after 1690 C.E.) sites. [1]

Contents

The majority of the information on Saskatchewan's archaeological history has been compiled into the publication 'A Map of Saskatchewan Archaeology' in celebration of the province's centennial in 2005. It was implemented by the Ministry of Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport (formerly the Department of Culture, Youth and Recreation) of the Government of Saskatchewan and involves the collaboration of the Saskatchewan Association of Professional Archaeologists (SAPA). The project was funded by the Saskatchewan Heritage Foundation, Golder Associates, SaskPower, Stantec Consulting Ltd., and Western Heritage [2] Files inducted into the project are currently managed by the Saskatchewan Heritage Branch. According to this publication, human life in Saskatchewan dates back 12,000 years and, as of 2005, there were more than 20,000 officially recognized archaeological sites in Saskatchewan. Although Saskatchewan joined Confederation in 1905, its archaeological roots clearly precede and proceed its legal foundation.

The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan affirms that in Saskatchewan today "field archaeology is controlled by the provincial government, requiring pre-development assessments. The result is that most of the field work in archaeology now is done by consultants, whose activities are regulated by the government." [3]

General history

1850s to the 1900s

Archaeology in Saskatchewan originated in the 1850s as a scientific initiative to explore the past relationships among fur traders, explorers and aboriginal cultures. [3] What was originally explored in the Qu'Appelle River region were phenomenon later understood to be manufactured by the Cree, including earthen mounds and stone rings that were correctly interpreted to be previous tipi sites. In 1896, Reverend John Maclean recorded a monumental site near Moose Mountain, although at the time of discovery he could not determine the purpose of the site.

1900s to the 1920s

There was a motivational shift from scientific knowledge to personal curiosity by the early 1900s. [4] In 1905, Charles Noddings made a notable find near Beaver Hills involving a similar set up to Maclean's stone monument find at Moose Mountain along with a number of stone carvings. Noddings was one of the first residents in Saskatchewan to advocate for the protection of an archaeological site by pressuring the provincial government at the time. This "sustain[ed] public interest in Saskatchewan archaeology until the development of an archaeological program in the 1950s." [4] Within that same time frame, burial mounds were also being discovered in Saskatchewan. Field work and research conducted by Dr. Henry Montgomery from the University of Toronto concluded with the first scholarly publication of archaeological literature for Saskatchewan. [3] Other than the cases of Noddings and Montgomery, curiosity, and little scientific backing, fueled archaeological interest until the end of the 1920s.

1930s to the 1950s

The drought experienced across the plains in 1930s exposed various remnants of human occupation including but not excluded to pottery and tools of people who have inhabited the Great Plains. Developments with artifacts of the same nature in New Mexico traced human occupation back 10,000 years, resulting in the simultaneous extension of Saskatchewan archaeological finds back to 10,000 years at minimum. Artifact recovery became a popular extracurricular activity as it was not limited by the economy. [3] A renewed public interest in archaeology prompted the founding of the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society (SAS) in 1933. By 1935, the society was based out of Regina and Saskatoon. To the best of their ability, the SAS established a newsletter to be distributed to the public and identified artifacts on minimal professional expertise and funding since the conditions of World War II hindered any institutional support for years. [3]

Spanning from the 1920s to the 1940s, Arthur Morton merged history and archaeology in his studies of the fur trade, followed by John Archer in 1949 and Jack Herbert in 1951. Morton's actions arranged protection for the remainder of fur trade posts near Nipawin, whereas Archer and Herbert both explored historic sites and together launched a provincial historic sites service. [3]

Archaeology in Saskatchewan from the 1950s onward was defined by the endeavors of Boyd Wettlaufer, the proclaimed "Father of Saskatchewan Archaeology." He was an influential voice in acquiring knowledge of the North Plains First Nations. Wettlaufer's key role in Saskatchewan archaeology was centered on the Long Creek sites located south of Regina near Estevan. He illustrated differences "between various hunting and gathering cultures [from] several thousand years ago." [5] Wettlaufer was one of the first archaeologists in Canada to use radiocarbon dating, successfully fought for a lab to be established in Western Canada at the University of Saskatchewan, and the first archaeologist in Saskatchewan to conduct an archaeological survey. [5]

1960s to the present

Alice Beck Kehoe orchestrated the first major historic site excavation in Saskatchewan at the François-Finlay posts discovered by Morton earlier on. [3]

Interactions from institutions such as the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (previously known as the Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History) and the University of Saskatchewan impacted the archaeological scene in Saskatchewan. The Royal Saskatchewan Museum took on mass excavation initiatives that had relations to aboriginal sites in areas such as Swift Current and the South Saskatchewan River. [3] After the establishment of their Anthropology and Archaeology department, the University of Saskatchewan began organizing larger-scale archaeological initiatives by 1967. [3]

In the 1970s, the Government of Saskatchewan introduced the Archaeological Resource Management (RAM) as a part of environmental impact assessment. The RAM was created to provide scientifically accurate information that has added substantial data to the overall information base, contributing to the verification of hypotheses and strengthening of theories focused on cultural movements and habitation choices. The Saskatchewan RAM has been "unusually successful in stimulating archaeological explanations" due to the work of consulting archaeologists "and the influence of regulatory agencies who have ensured explanatory requirements in contractual terms for the projects." [6]

Heritage Property Act

The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan states that one of the biggest recent changes to archaeology in Saskatchewan has been "the enactment and enforcement of heritage legislation, beginning in 1980. [3]

The Ministry of Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport (TPCS) has outlined what constitutes heritage in Saskatchewan. Heritage is understood to be archaeological objects, paleontological objects, property of interest for its architectural, historical, cultural, environmental, archaeological, palaeontological, aesthetic or scientific value. [7]

The Heritage Property Act protects, conserves and develops heritage property in Saskatchewan, giving authority to the Government of Saskatchewan and the Government of Canada to "protect and regulate" heritage property. [8] According to the Government of Saskatchewan's website on the Act, there are a number of key provisions for protecting heritage sites. [9] In the context of archaeology, these include:

* Sites like Moose Mountain and the Gray Burial Site are subject to this provision.
* Many SSNs are among Saskatchewan's most outstanding archaeological monuments.

Federal involvement in Saskatchewan archaeology

The Canadian government is involved in archaeology within Saskatchewan in three fundamental ways.

Examples of archaeological sites in Saskatchewan

Gray Burial Site

The Gray Burial Site is a pre-contact traditional burial ground that was used by hunters who inhabited the northern Swift Current region between 3500 and 1000 B.C.E. Between 1970 and 1974, the site underwent archaeological excavations and was declared a National Historic site (1973) for it is one of the oldest burial grounds in the Plains at 5,000 years old. [14]

Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel

Alice Kehoe Beck wrote about the Moose Mountain stone site in her book 'Controversies in Archaeology' (2008) and identified its purpose within the sub-discipline of archaeoastronomy, later confirming the purpose of the site that Maclean failed to account for. [15] ) The stone monument was confirmed to be a medicine wheel by Kehoe Beck and is listed as one of 108 sacred places in North American by Brad Olsen. The Moose Mountain medicine wheel is significant for it is most probably the second largest medicine wheel in the world." [16] The site is also important because it is "slowly disappearing one stone at a time" - in 1896 when the site was first reported, the central rock cairn was approximately 14 ft. high (4.2m), but now it is only 2 ft. (0.6m). [17] Olsen cites theft, vandalism and agriculture as the culprits for the degradation of medicine wheel sites like Moose Mountain.

Olsen writes that, "Second only to Alberta, Saskatchewan contains more medicine wheels than any other province in Canada or in all of the United States." [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

In the broadest sense, cultural resource management (CRM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural resources, such as the arts and heritage. It incorporates Cultural Heritage Management which is concerned with traditional and historic culture. It also delves into the material culture of archaeology. Cultural resource management encompasses current culture, including progressive and innovative culture, such as urban culture, rather than simply preserving and presenting traditional forms of culture.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 legislation intended to preserve historic sites in the United States

The National Historic Preservation Act is legislation intended to preserve historic and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices.

Battle of Loon Lake

The Battle of Loon Lake concluded the North-West Rebellion on June 3, 1885 and was the last battle fought on Canadian soil. It was fought in what was then the District of Saskatchewan of the Northwest Territories, at what is now known as Steele Narrows, in Saskatchewan's Makwa Lake Provincial Park.

Ontario Heritage Trust non-profit agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture

The Ontario Heritage Trust is a non-profit agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture. It is responsible for protecting, preserving and promoting the built, natural and cultural heritage of Canada's most populous province, Ontario.

Boyd Nicholas David Wettlaufer, was a Canadian archaeologist, considered as 'the Father of Saskatchewan Archaeology.' His groundbreaking archaeological work in western Canada is considered the foundation of our knowledge of the Northern Plains First Nations people.

The Saskatchewan Archaeological Society is a society of amateur and professional archaeologists who encourage the preservation of archaeological artifacts and sites, publish, educate and assist the public in the interest of archaeological activities. As well, the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society assists in the formation of local branches of archaeological communities such as the Regina Archaeological Society. Many of the archaeology sites of Saskatchewan are of aboriginal ancestry and include rock paintings, habitation sites, medicine wheels, as well as kill and processing sites. Archaeology focuses on the anthropological study of human history and lifestyle using artifacts.

There are numerous heritages and cultural attractions in the province of Saskatchewan. Museums, dinosaur digs, aboriginal cultural and heritage sites, art galleries, professional sport venues, spas, handcraft, antique and tea shops, agricultural tours, theatre and archaeological sites comprise over 600 varied Saskatchewan institutions.

American Indian Rock Art in Minnesota MPS is a Multiple Property Submission (MPS) of the eligibility of many rock art properties for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing is to protect and preserve Native American petroglyphs, pictographs and petroform rock art sites in the present day U.S. state of Minnesota.

British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment

British Columbia Archaeological Assessment Process: British Columbia has set forth a directive process in order to regulate the development of land by private and government identities, this is known as the Heritage Act. British Columbia holds cultural sites throughout its geography and is home to many famous aboriginal archaeological sites, such as the Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi, which was an archaeological site containing a frozen person in British Columbia's Tatshenshini-Alsek Park. British Columbia archaeological sites are held in accordance with both the Heritage Act and the federal Environmental Assessment Act, which regulates the areas where developers can utilize and where the provincial government can build infrastructure. This process has not been put into place to discourage development, but has been put into place to regulate historic cultural sites in order to retain historic areas, sites, ecofacts, and artefacts.

Manitoba archaeology regulations control archaeology-related activities in the province of Manitoba.

Archaeology in Ontario

Archaeology and conservation of cultural resources in Ontario fall under the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. The Province of Ontario has created Acts to insure the protection archaeological and cultural resources. Acts such as the Ontario Heritage Act and Environmental Assessment Act provide the major legal documents that protect heritage and cultural resources. Additionally, Acts such as the Planning Act, the Aggregate Resource Act and the Ontario Cemeteries Act are also implemented when specific triggers occur during archaeological assessments.

Great Marpole Midden

The Great Marpole Midden, is an ancient Musqueam village and burial site located in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia.

Cumberland House Provincial Park human settlement in Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada

Cumberland House Provincial Park is a located in Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada, on the site of the first inland Hudson's Bay Company post in Saskatchewan and the oldest village in the province. A powder magazine shed built in 1886 and artifacts from the HBC Northcote steamship are the remaining historic elements on the site.

<i>Heritage Property Act</i> (Nova Scotia) Canadian provincial statute

The Heritage Property Act )the Act) is a provincial statute which allows for the identification, protection and rehabilitation of cultural heritage properties in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada.

<i>Heritage Conservation Act</i> (New Brunswick) Canadian act

The Heritage Conservation Act is a provincial statute which allows for the preservation of cultural heritage properties and areas in the province of New Brunswick, Canada.

Heritage Property Act (Saskatchewan) Canadian provincial statute

The Heritage Property Act is a provincial statute which allows for the preservation of cultural heritage properties, archaeological sites and palaeontological sites in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada.

References

  1. 'An Introductory Handbook to Saskatchewan Archaeology.' from the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society. Online. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  2. 'A Map of Saskatchewan Archaeology,' TPCS, Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 'Archaeology, The History of.' from The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  4. 1 2 'Archaeology, The History of.' from The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012
  5. 1 2 Boyd Wettlaufer
  6. 'Archaeology.' from The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  7. 'About the Heritage Conservation Branch.' Government of Saskatchewan - Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport. 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  8. 'The Heritage Property Act.' Government of Saskatchewan - Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  9. 'The Heritage Property Act: Key Provisions for Protecting the Act.' Government of Saskatchewan - Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  10. 'Glossary.' Environment Canada. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  11. 'About the Agency.' from the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  12. 'The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.' Department of Justice. 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  13. 'Canada-Saskatchewan Historic Places Initiative.' Heritage Resources Branch - Saskatchewan TPCS. 2009-2010. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  14. Millar, James F.V. (2012). 'Gray Burial Site.' from The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  15. Kehoe Beck, Alice. (2008). 'What People Before Us Could Do: Earlier Technologies.' Controversies in Archaeology. California: Left Coast Press.
  16. Olsen, Brad (2003). 'Saskatchewan.' Sacred Places North America: 108 Destinations. Consortium of Collective Consciousness. 189.
  17. Olsen, Brad (2003). 'Saskatchewan.' Sacred Places North American:108 Destinations. Consortium of Collective Consciousness. 191.
  18. Olsen, Brad (2003). 'Saskatchewan.' Sacred Places North America: 108 Destinations. Consortium of Collective Consciousness. 188.
Government of Saskatchewan
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