Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Site of the rally before the assassination: Kings of Israel Square) with Tel Aviv City Hall in the background.
Location	Tel Aviv, Israel
Coordinates	32°04′54.8″N34°46′51.4″E / 32.081889°N 34.780944°E / 32.081889; 34.780944
Date	November 4, 1995 9:30 p.m. (IST)
Target	Yitzhak Rabin
Attack type	Shooting
Weapons	Beretta 84F semi-automatic pistol
Deaths	Yitzhak Rabin
Injured	Yoram Rubin
Perpetrator	Yigal Amir
Motive	Rabin signing the Oslo Accords
Convictions	Murder, conspiracy to commit murder, aggravated injury
Sentence	Life imprisonment, plus 14 years

The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the fifth prime minister of Israel, took place on 4 November 1995 (12 Marcheshvan 5756 on the Hebrew calendar) at 21:30, at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo Accords at the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv. The assailant was Yigal Amir, an Israeli law student and ultranationalist who radically opposed prime minister Yitzhak Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords.

Background

Rabin's family mourn at his funeral

The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin came immediately after an anti-violence rally in support of the Oslo peace process. ^[1]

Before the rally, Rabin was disparaged personally by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a capitulation to Israel's enemies. ^{[2] [3]}

National religious conservatives and Likud party leaders believed that withdrawing from any "Jewish" land was heresy. ^[4] The Likud leader and future prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, accused Rabin's government of being "removed from Jewish tradition [...] and Jewish values". ^{[2] [3]} Right-wing rabbis associated with the settlers' movement prohibited territorial concessions to the Palestinians and forbade soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces from evacuating Jewish settlers under the accords. ^{[5] [6]} Some rabbis proclaimed din rodef , based on a traditional Jewish law of self-defense, against Rabin personally, arguing that the Oslo Accords would endanger Jewish lives. ^{[5] [7]}

Rallies organized by Likud and other right-wing groups featured depictions of Rabin in a Nazi SS uniform, or in the crosshairs of a gun. ^{[2] [3]} Protesters compared the Labor party to the Nazis and Rabin to Adolf Hitler ^[5] and chanted, "Rabin is a murderer" and "Rabin is a traitor". ^{[8] [9]} In July 1995, Netanyahu led a mock funeral procession featuring a coffin and hangman's noose at an anti-Rabin rally where protesters chanted, "Death to Rabin". ^{[10] [11]} The chief of internal security, Carmi Gillon, then alerted Netanyahu of a plot on Rabin's life and asked him to moderate the protests' rhetoric, which Netanyahu declined to do. ^{[8] [12]} Netanyahu denied any intention to incite violence. ^{[2] [3] [13]}

Rabin dismissed such protests or labeled them chutzpah . ^[2] According to Gillon, Rabin refused his requests to wear a bulletproof vest and preferred not to use the armored car purchased for him. ^[14] Left-wing supporters organized pro-peace rallies in support of the Oslo Accords. It was after one such gathering in Tel Aviv that the assassination took place. ^[3]

Yigal Amir and din rodef

Yitzhak Rabin's grave, December 1995.

The perpetrator was Yigal Amir, a 25-year-old former Hesder student and far-right law student at Bar-Ilan University. Amir had strenuously opposed Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". Amir had come to believe that Rabin was a rodef , meaning a "pursuer" who endangered Jewish lives. The concept of din rodef ("law of the pursuer") is a part of traditional Jewish law. Amir believed he would be justified under din rodef in removing Rabin as a threat to Jews in the territories. ^[15]

In the Israeli settlements, pamphlets debating the validity of applying din rodef and din moser ("law of the informer") to Rabin and the Oslo Accords were distributed at synagogues. Both carried a death sentence according to traditional Halakhic law. ^[6] There was disagreement among religious Zionists as to whether Amir ever secured authorization from a rabbi to carry out the assassination of Rabin. ^[16] His father later said that in the months before the assassination, Amir repeatedly "said that the prime minister should be killed because a din rodef was issued against him". ^[17] During his later trial, Amir stated: "I acted according to din rodef. ... It was not a personal act, I just wanted [Rabin] to be removed from his position". ^[18]

For his radical activities, Yigal Amir had been brought under attention by the Israeli internal security service (Shin Bet), but the organization only had information on Amir's attempt on creating an anti-Arab militia, not on comments regarding assassinating Rabin, which he openly stated to a number of people. ^[19] Another incident describing Amir's comments to a fellow student about stating the vidui prior to an earlier, aborted attempt on his life was ignored by the organization as "non-credible". The source refused to refer to Amir by name but instead described him as a "short Yemeni guy with curly hair". ^[20]

Preceding rally

In response to the intense street protests by right-wing opponents of the Oslo peace process, a coalition of left-wing parties and peace groups organized a rally in support of the peace process at Tel Aviv's Kings Square on 4 November 1995. Rabin attended the rally, along with others such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres. The rally attracted a crowd in excess of 100,000 people. In his remarks at the rally, Rabin declared, "I always believed that most of the people want peace and are ready to take a risk for it." ^{[21] [22] [23] [24]}

• 
  Rabin delivering his speech at the rally
• 
  A portion of the crowd assembled at the rally
• 
  Minister of Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres (far left), singer Miri Aloni, and Prime Minister Rabin (far right) during the rally

Assassination

Members of the crowd of supporters that had gathered in Tel Aviv expressing grief upon learning of Rabin's death

Vigils for Rabin in the square where the rally had been held

After the rally, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards his car. As he entered the car, Amir approached the car from the rear and fired two shots at Rabin with a Beretta 84F semi-automatic pistol. Rabin was hit in the abdomen and chest. Amir was immediately subdued by Rabin's bodyguards and police on the scene, and fired a third shot at bodyguard Yoram Rubin during the struggle, lightly wounding him. Amir was arrested on the scene with the murder weapon. He was taken to a police station a few blocks away. ^{[25] [26] [27] [28]}

Yoram Rubin attempted to get Rabin in the car but Rabin's body was "limp and heavy". ^[29] Another of Rabin's bodyguards, Shai Glaser, helped put Rabin in the backseat of the car. The driver, Menachem Damati, was ordered to proceed to Ichilov Hospital at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, a short drive away. Damati became disoriented by the hysteria of the shooting and the crowds that lined the streets, and as a result lost his bearing. Rabin, who was bleeding heavily, was initially conscious and said that he thought he'd been hurt but not too badly before passing out. ^[30] Damati drove frantically trying to find the hospital, running red lights and swerving to avoid pedestrians. When he spotted a police officer, Pinchas Terem, he ordered him to get in the vehicle and direct him to the hospital. Two minutes later at 9:52 pm, some ten minutes after the shooting, the car arrived at Ichilov Hospital. ^[30]

At this time, Rabin was not breathing and had no pulse. Doctors performed an initial examination, attached Rabin to an IV, and drained the air that had seeped into his right chest cavity with a tube inserted into his ribcage. After the air was drained from Rabin's chest, his pulse reappeared. ^[30] He then underwent surgery. Meanwhile, cabinet ministers, military officers, security officials, and family members of Rabin arrived at the hospital, as did Rabin's Chief of Staff Eitan Haber. After Israeli media reported the shooting, a crowd of spectators and journalists began to gather in front of the hospital. At one point, the doctors managed to briefly stabilize his vital signs, and after being informed, Haber told a high-ranking Defense Ministry official to begin preparations for setting up a makeshift office at the hospital with telephones and fax lines to enable Rabin to continue his work as Prime Minister while recuperating. However, Rabin's condition rapidly deteriorated again. After his heart stopped, a surgeon carried out a cardiac massage in a last-ditch attempt to save him. At 11:02 pm, one hour and thirty-two minutes after the shooting, doctors gave up their efforts to revive Rabin and pronounced him dead. ^[31]

Eitan Haber informing the media that Rabin had died

At 11:15 pm, Eitan Haber walked out of the hospital to face the television cameras outside and announced Rabin's death to the media:

The government of Israel announces in consternation, in great sadness, and in deep sorrow, the death of prime minister and minister of defense Yitzhak Rabin, who was murdered by an assassin, tonight in Tel Aviv. The government shall convene in one hour for a mourning session in Tel Aviv. Blessed be his memory. ^[32]

Blood-stained copy of the lyrics of "Shir LaShalom" ("Song for Peace"), found in Rabin's pocket after the assassination

In Rabin's pocket was a blood-stained sheet of paper with the lyrics to the well-known Israeli song "Shir LaShalom" ("Song for Peace"), which was sung at the rally and dwells on the impossibility of bringing a dead person back to life and, therefore, the need for peace. ^{[33] [34] [35]}

Shortly after Rabin's death, an emergency meeting of the Israeli cabinet was held during which Shimon Peres, then serving as Foreign Minister, was appointed acting Prime Minister.

About three hours after Rabin's death, Yehuda Hiss, the Israeli government's chief pathologist, arrived at Ichilov Hospital to conduct an autopsy together with two assistants, including a photographer. ^{[27] [28]} The autopsy found that one bullet had entered Rabin's lower back, ruptured his spleen, and punctured his left lung, while the other pierced his back below the collarbone, smashed through his ribcage, and pierced his right lung. Hiss concluded that Rabin had died of massive blood loss and the collapse of both of his lungs, and that his chances of surviving the shooting had been extremely low. A subsequent brain scan found an embolism in one of Rabin's cerebral arteries, a large pocket of air which had entered his bloodstream in the lungs and traveled to the brain, restricting the flow of blood and oxygen. This blockage had hindered the resuscitation effort. ^[28]

Amir was interrogated by Chief Superintendent Motti Naftali. He made a full confession and after being told that Rabin had died, Amir expressed joy and asked to be brought schnapps to make a celebratory toast. Police officers and Shin Bet agents subsequently raided the Amir family home in Herzliya, where they arrested Amir's brother Hagai, whom he had implicated as an accomplice during his interrogation. ^[28]

Aftermath

Rabin's funeral

US president Bill Clinton at Rabin's funeral. The final words were in Hebrew – "Shalom, Haver" (Hebrew: שלום חבר, lit. Goodbye, Friend)

The funeral of Rabin took place on November 6, ^[36] two days after the assassination, at the Mount Herzl cemetery in Jerusalem, where Rabin was later buried. Hundreds of world leaders, including about 80 heads of state, attended the funeral. ^[37] President of the United States Bill Clinton, ^[38] King Hussein of Jordan, ^[39] Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, ^[40] Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, ^[41] Spanish Prime Minister and European Council President-in-Office Felipe González, ^[42] Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien, acting Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, ^[43] United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ^[44] Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, ^[45] President of the Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso, and President of Israel Ezer Weizman ^[46] were among those present.

A national memorial day for Rabin is set on the date of his death according to the Hebrew calendar. ^[47]

Trial

Yigal Amir was tried for Rabin's murder, ^[48] while his brother Hagai Amir and Dror Adani, who were his accomplices in the murder, were tried for conspiracy to murder Rabin. Yigal Amir was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for Rabin's murder and an additional six years for injuring Yoram Rubin. ^[49] While in Israel it is customary for the President to reduce a life sentence to a set period, usually 20–30 years, with a possibility for further reduction for good behavior, Amir's sentence was not reduced. ^[50] In 2001, the Knesset later passed the Yigal Amir Law, which prohibits a parole board from recommending a pardon or reduction in a sentence for the assassin of a Prime Minister. ^[51] Adani was sentenced to seven years imprisonment, while Hagai Amir was sentenced to 12 years in prison, increased to 16 years upon appeal, and later received an additional year in prison for threatening to kill Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Adani was released in 2002 and Hagai Amir in 2012. Yigal Amir remains incarcerated. ^[52]

After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well known right-wing extremist at the time, was in fact a Shin Bet agent-informer code-named Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew assassin Yigal Amir was plotting to kill Rabin. ^[53]

Social impact

The monument at the site of the assassination: Ibn Gabirol Street between Tel Aviv City Hall and Gan Ha'ir (in the back). The monument is composed of broken rocks, which represent the political earthquake that the assassination represents.

Rabin's assassination shocked the Israeli public. Rallies and memorials took place near Kings of Israel Square – later renamed Rabin Square in his honor –as well as near Rabin's home, the Knesset building, and the home of the assassin. Many other streets and public buildings within Israel and internationally were named for Rabin as well. ^{[54] [55]}

The assassination has been described as emblematic of a kulturkampf ("cultural struggle") between religious right-wing and secular left-wing forces within Israel. ^{[5] [4] [56]} Ilan Peleg of the Middle East Institute has described Rabin's assassination as "reflecting a deep cultural divide within Israel's body politic [...] intimately connected with the peace process" ^[57] which illustrates both increased polarization and political conflict in the country. ^[58]

On 28 March 1996, the Shamgar Commission issued its final report into the assassination. It was critical of Shin Bet for putting the Prime Minister at risk and ignoring threats to his life from Jewish extremists. ^[59]

Due to the ultimate failure of further progress on the Oslo Accords, there is a popular view that the assassination is the most "successful" political assassination in modern history, due to it achieving the goal of its perpetrator of forestalling the Oslo peace process. ^[60]

See also

• Kempler video
• Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories

References

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2. Newton, Michael (2014). "Rabin, Yitzhak". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 450. ISBN   978-1-61-069285-4.
3. Tucker, Ernest (2016). The Middle East in Modern World History. Routledge. pp. 331–32. ISBN   978-1-31-550823-8.
4. Shain, Yossi (2007). Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs. Ann Arbor.: University of Michigan Press. p. 70. ISBN   978-0-47-209910-8. Religious ultranationalists saw Rabin's willingness to trade Jewish land for peace with the Palestinians as a sin against divine law.
5. Seliktar, Ofira (2009). Doomed to Failure?: The Politics and Intelligence of the Oslo Peace Process. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-31-336617-8.
6. Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2009). Jewish Terrorism in Israel . New York: Columbia University Press. pp.  100–101. ISBN   978-0-23-115446-8. rabin din rodef din moser.
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10. Aronoff (2014), p. 57.
11. Caspit, Ben; Kafir, Ilan (1998). Netanyahu: The Road to Power. Secaucus, N.J.: Carol. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-55-972453-1.
12. Caspit (2017), pp. 120–121.
13. Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents, ISBN   0-312-43736-6, pp. 464, 466.
14. Enderlin, Charles (2003). Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995–2002 . New York: Other Press. p.  18. ISBN   978-1-59-051060-5. gilon rabin.
15. Smith, pp. 458, 468
16. Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 106.
17. Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 109.
18. Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 107.
19. Ephron (2015), p. 135.
20. Ephron (2015), pp. 148–57.
21. "Rabin assassinated at peace rally". CNN. 4 November 1995.
22. Brown, Derek; Black, Ian; Freedland, Jonathan (6 November 1995). "Israel's Yitzhak Rabin assassinated at peace rally". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
23. Schmemann, Serge (5 November 1995). "Assassination in Israel: The Overview; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
24. Kessel, Jerrold (11 February 1996). "Israeli elections will test support for peace". CNN. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
25. Barak T: Ten years have passed, friend Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine . Tel Aviv Newspaper(in Hebrew)
26. Perry D: Israel and the Quest for Permanence, p. 216.
27. "570: The Night In Question". This American Life. December 14, 2017.
28. Ephron, Dan (October 31, 2015a). "'I did it! Now bring me schnapps!' How Rabin's assassin greeted news that Israel's champion of peace was dead". the Guardian.
29. Ephron, Dan (2015). Killing a King: The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-393-24210-2.
30. Ephron 2015 , p. 176
31. Ephron 2015 , p. 178
32. יצחק רבין – ביוגרפיה [Yitzhak Rabin – Biography]. Ministry of Culture and Sport (in Hebrew). 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
33. Schmemann, Serge (5 November 1995). "Assassination in Israel; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone". The New York Times.
34. Shlaim, Avi (2014). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Second ed.). Norton Paperback. p. 567. ISBN   9780393346862.
35. Morris, Benny (Winter 1996). "After Rabin". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (2): 77–87. doi:10.2307/2538187. JSTOR   2538187.
36. "'Soldier for peace' Rabin buried". CNN. 6 November 1995.
37. ""World Leaders in Attendance at the Funeral of the Late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
38. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin by U.S. President Bill Clinton." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
39. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by His Majesty King Hussein of Jordan." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
40. "http://vorige.nrc.nl/redactie/Web/Nieuws/19951106/01.html" NRC Handelsblad, 6 November 1995.
41. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
42. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin by Felipe Gonzalez, Prime Minister of Spain and Current EU President." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
43. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin by Acting Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
44. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
45. "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
46. Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by President Ezer Weizman." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
47. "חוקים לזכרו של יצחק רבין" [Laws in memory of Yitzhak Rabin] (in Hebrew). Knesset . Retrieved 3 November 2020.
48. Schmemann, Serge (December 6, 1995). "Rabin's Killer Charged With Murder, 2 Others With Conspiracy". The New York Times . Retrieved April 26, 2009.
49. "Excerpts of Yigal Amir Sentencing Decision". mfa.gov.il. March 27, 1996. Following are excerpts of the sentencing decision which was rendered today (Wednesday), 27.03.96, by a three-judge panel of the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court in the case of the State of Israel vs. Yigal Amir (the panel was composed of Presiding Judge Edmund A. Levy, Judge Saviyona Rotlevy, and Judge Oded Mudrich: ...
50. Fay Cashman, Greer (Nov 4, 2005). "Katsav: No pardon for Rabin's assassin". Jerusalem Post . p. 3. Archived from the original (full access requires payment) on January 27, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2009. President Moshe Katsav declared on Thursday that there was "no forgiveness, no absolution and no pardon" for Yigal Amir, the assassin of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. Katsav said Amir "has no right to clemency", adding that there was no reason to feel pity for him. Katsav said he would recommend to the next president not to allow the subject of a reduced sentence for Amir to come up for consideration.
51. Greenberg, Joel (20 December 2001). "New Law Bars Rabin's Killer From Pardon or Commutation". New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
52. Wootliff, Raoul (14 January 2020). "Wife of jailed Rabin assassin Yigal Amir registers party calling for his freedom". Times of Israel. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
53. Reinfeld, Moshe (1 April 2003). "Avishai Raviv acquitted of having failed to prevent Rabin assassination". Haaretz. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
54. "גרסה להדפסה: מדינה שלמה על שם רבין" [Printable version: An entire country named after Rabin] (in Hebrew). walla.co.il. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
55. "Abierta la glorieta de Isaac Rabin". abc.es. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
56. Peleg, Ilan, ed. (2012). "The Peace Process and Israel's Political Kulturkampf". The Middle East Peace Process: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. SUNY Press. pp. 249–250. ISBN   978-1-43-841576-5.
57. Peleg (2012), p. 238.
58. Peleg (2012), p. 250.
59. Ephron (2015), pp. 229–30.
60. Attributed to multiple references:
    • "The Most Successful Assassination in History". BBC – Radio 4. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    • Prusher, Ilene (4 November 2015). "'Killing a King' Examines Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    • Rabinovich, Itamar (2018). "The Rabin Assassination as a Turning Point in Israel's History". Israel Studies. 23 (3): 25–29. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05. ISSN   1084-9513. JSTOR   10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05. S2CID   150349442 . Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    • Sheizaf, Noam (November 4, 2015). "Opinion: Rabin's assassination marked the end of the two-state solution". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    • Nir, Ori (October 14, 2020). "Yitzhak Rabin Is Still Being Assassinated". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    • Freedland, Jonathan (2020-10-31). "The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin: 'He Never Knew it Was One of His People Who Shot Him in the Back'". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-01-18.

Further reading

• Karpin, Michael; Friedman, Ina (1998). Murder in the Name of God: The Plot to Kill Yitzhak Rabin. Granta. ISBN   0-8050-5749-8.

External links

• "Israel marks Rabin assassination", BBC, Nov 12, 2005
• "A sombre night in Rabin Square", BBC, Nov 12, 2005
• Could He Have Been Saved? An article by Ronen Bergman in Haaretz
• 10-minute video of Rabin's assassination hosted on Google Video
• Assassination part of the Kempler video on CNN (10 seconds)
• Koenraad Elst on Yitzhak Rabin's Assassination Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
• "The Night in Question". This American Life. Episode 570. Chicago. October 16, 2015. Public Radio Exchange. WBEZ . Retrieved October 17, 2015. Covers the assassination and its conspiracy theories, including an interview with Yigal Amir's brother and co-conspirator Hagai Amir and a new forensic examination of the shirt Rabin was wearing when he was shot.