Axel Gyldenstierne | |
---|---|
Governor-general of Norway | |
In office 1588–1601 | |
Monarch | Christian IV |
Preceded by | Ludvig Munk |
Succeeded by | Jørgen Friis |
Personal details | |
Born | Aksel Knudsen Gyldenstierne c. 1542 |
Died | Sandviken,Gotland | 13 July 1603
Axel Gyldenstierne (born c. 1542,died 13 July 1603 at Sandviken,Gotland) was a Danish-Norwegian official and Governor-general of Norway from 1588 until 1601. [1] [2]
He is first mentioned in the records during the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570),when he served at King Frederik II’s court,as well as in field operations. He was a member of the king's retinue at the peace treaty negotiations at Roskilde and served as the government's messenger to peace mediators in Szczecin. His records were a significant contribution to the recorded Danish history of this war. [2] The Treaty of Stettin was concluded on 13 December 1570,ending the Northern Seven Years' War between the Swedish Empire and Denmark-Norway (in alliance with Lübeck and Poland-Lithuania). The treaty was favorable for Denmark,assuring Danish hegemony in Northern Europe for a short period. [3]
After the war he was awarded feudal lordships in Denmark and Skåne. From 1579 he served as a judge in Skåne;from 1581,he was a member of the Danish National Council and in 1585 he and Christoffer Valkendorf were responsible for the national government in the king's absence. [1] [2]
When King Fredrik II died in 1588 Christian IV's regents (Christian IV was inducted as a child king),appointed Gyldenstierne to serve as Governor-general of Norway and feudal overlord of Akershus. He worked in close consultation with the regents,traveling annually to Copenhagen to confer with them and participate in Danish meetings. During his time as governor-general he established a ministry of justice,upgraded Akershus fortress,raised taxes,and limited the ingress of Sweden in the north. [4]
While there,Gyldenstierne played a central role at the wedding of James VI of Scotland and Princess Anne of Denmark in Oslo. Anne and James were formally married at the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo on 23 November 1589,"with all the splendour possible at that time and place". [5] [6] So that both bride and groom could understand,Leith minister David Lindsay conducted the ceremony in French,describing Anne as "a Princess both godly and beautiful...she giveth great contentment to his Majesty". [4] [6] On 15 December 1589 James VI decided to reward Steen Brahe and Gyldenstierne for their good service in attending Anne of Denmark and organising the reception and lodging of his retinue with a gift of silver plate. [7] The cupboard of silver had been a gift from Queen Elizabeth. [8]
Gyldenstierne also organized the Norwegian tribute to Christian IV in June 1591. [1] He also played a personal role in encouraging Peder Claussøn Friis,a historian,linguist and scientist,to translate the Norse sagas which tell of the lives of Scandinavian kings from old Norse to Danish-Norwegian. The translations came into the possession of Ole Worm,who first printed them in 1633. [9]
Gyldenstierne left on his own initiative in 1601,and received two fiefs in Blekinge. He participated in a trip to Russia,1602–03,as an escort for the Danish king's brother,Prince Hans,who was to marry Tsar Boris Godunov's daughter Ksenia (Xenia),but fell ill and died before the marriage could take place. He died during the journey back home. [1] [2]
Bohus Fortress lies along the old Norwegian–Swedish border in Kungälv,Bohuslän,Sweden,north east from Hisingen where the Göta river splits into two branches. It commands the surrounding area from a cliff 40 m (130 ft) high,with the river forming a natural moat around it.
Christoffer Valkendorff was a Danish-Norwegian statesman and landowner. His early years in the service of Frederick II brought him both to Norway,Ösel and Livland. He later served both as Treasurer and Stadtholder of Copenhagen and finally as Steward of the Realm from 1596 to 1601. He owned Glorup Manor on Funen from 1535 to 1601,whose current main building he constructed,although it has later been adapted in the Neoclassical style. He constructed the old Town Hall in Bergen,and he also constructed Svindinge Church,on Funen,one of the best preserved Renaissance style churches in Denmark. He founded the dormitory Valkendorfs Kollegium in Copenhagen where the street Valkendorfsgade is named after him.
John Maitland,1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane,of Lethington,Knight (1581),was Lord Chancellor of Scotland.
Sir William Stewart of Houston was a Scottish soldier,politician and diplomat.
Ludvig Ludvigsen Munk was a Danish official and Count. He was also referred to as Ludvig Ludvigsen Munk von Schleswig-Holstein and Ludvig Munk til Nørlund.
Jørgen Friis was a Danish lord and Governor-general of Norway from 1601 to 1608.
Knut Alvsson was a Norwegian nobleman and landowner. He was the country's foremost Norwegian-born noble in his time and served as fief-holder in southern-central Norway.
Hartvig Krummedige was a Danish nobleman who was born circa 1400 in southern Jutland,Denmark and died in 1476 at Akershus Fortress,Norway.
The Gyldenstjerne family,also spelled Gyldenstierne and in Swedish Gyllenstierna,is a Danish,Norwegian,and Swedish noble family divided into various branches and ranks. It is one of the oldest noble families in Scandinavia. The family surname appears,in the form of Guildenstern,in William Shakespeare's tragedy The Tragedy of Hamlet,Prince of Denmark. The surname should not be confused with Gyldensteen,the name of another short-lived Danish noble family,first recorded in 1717 and which became extinct in 1749.
Events in the year 1588 in Norway.
Events from the 1570s in Denmark.
Sir Andrew Sinclair of Ravenscraig,in Denmark known as Anders Sincklar,til Ravenscraig og Sincklarsholm,born 1555,died 1625,was a Scotsman of noble birth,who became a Danish privy counsellor,envoy to England,colonel,and holder of extensive fiefs.
Thomas Foulis was a Scottish goldsmith,mine entrepreneur,and royal financier.
George Young was a Scottish churchman,courtier,member of the Privy Council of Scotland,diplomat,and secretary depute.
Steen Ottesen Brahe was a Danish privy counsellor and landowner.
Peder Munk of Estvadgård (1534–1623),was a Danish navigator,politician,and ambassador,who was in charge of the fleet carrying Anne of Denmark to Scotland. The events of the voyage led to witch trials and executions in Denmark and Scotland.
Andrew Keith,Lord Dingwall was a Scottish landowner,soldier,and diplomat.
Robert Douglas,Provost of Lincluden was a Scottish landowner,courtier,and administrator.
Robert Jameson was a Scottish shipowner from Ayr.
Anne of Denmark (1574–1619) was the wife of King James VI and I,and as such Queen of Scotland from their marriage by proxy on 20 August 1589 and Queen of England and Ireland from 24 March 1603 until her death in 1619. When Anne intended to sail to Scotland in 1589 her ship was delayed by adverse weather. Contemporary superstition blamed the delays to her voyage and other misfortunes on "contrary winds" summoned by witchcraft. There were witchcraft trials in Denmark and in Scotland. The King's kinsman,Francis Stewart,5th Earl of Bothwell came into suspicion. The Chancellor of Scotland John Maitland of Thirlestane,thought to be Bothwell's enemy,was lampooned in a poem Rob Stene's Dream,and Anne of Denmark made Maitland her enemy. Historians continue to investigate these events.