The "Clash of Civilizations" is a thesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post–Cold War world. The American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington argued that future wars would be fought not between countries,but between cultures. It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute,which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
International relations (IR) are the interactions among sovereign states. The scientific study of those interactions is also referred to as international studies,international politics,or international affairs. In a broader sense,the study of IR,in addition to multilateral relations,concerns all activities among states—such as war,diplomacy,trade,and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors,such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),international legal bodies,and multinational corporations (MNCs). There are several schools of thought within IR,of which the most prominent are realism,liberalism,and constructivism.
International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain behaviors and outcomes in international politics. The four most prominent schools of thought are realism,liberalism,constructivism,and rational choice. Whereas realism and liberalism make broad and specific predictions about international relations,constructivism and rational choice are methodological approaches that focus on certain types of social explanation for phenomena.
Devaki Jain is an Indian economist and writer,who has worked mainly in the field of feminist economics. In 2006 she was awarded the Padma Bhushan,the third-highest civilian award from Government of India,for her contribution to social justice and the empowerment of women.
Realism,a school of thought in international relations theory,is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority. It centers on states as rational primary actors navigating a system shaped by power politics,national interest,and a pursuit of security and self-preservation.
Barry Gordon Buzan,FBA,FAcSS is a British political scientist. He is an Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and a honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen and Jilin University. Until 2012 he was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the LSE. Buzan sketched the Regional Security Complex Theory and is therefore together with Ole Wæver a central figure of the Copenhagen School.
Reflectivism is an umbrella label used in International Relations theory for a range of theoretical approaches which oppose rational-choice accounts of social phenomena and positivism generally. The label was popularised by Robert Keohane in his presidential address to the International Studies Association in 1988. The address was entitled "International Institutions:Two Approaches",and contrasted two broad approaches to the study of international institutions. One was "rationalism",the other what Keohane referred to as "reflectivism". Rationalists —including realists,neo-realists,liberals,neo-liberals,and scholars using game-theoretic or expected-utility models —are theorists who adopt the broad theoretical and ontological commitments of rational-choice theory.
In international relations (IR),constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held;these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
Laura Elizabeth Sjoberg is an American feminist scholar of international relations and international security. Her work specializes in gendered interpretations of just war theory,feminist security studies,and women's violence in global politics.
Thazha Varkey Paul is an Indo-Canadian political scientist. He is a James McGill professor of International Relations in the department of Political Science at McGill University. Paul specializes in International Relations,especially international security,regional security and South Asia. He served as the president of the International Studies Association (ISA) during 2016–2017,and served as the founding director of the McGill University –Universitéde Montreal Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS).
The Copenhagen School of security studies is a school of academic thought with its origins in international relations theorist Barry Buzan's book People,States and Fear:The National Security Problem in International Relations,first published in 1983. The School places particular emphasis on the non-military aspects of security,representing a shift away from traditional security studies. Theorists associated with the school include Buzan,Ole Wæver,and Jaap de Wilde. Many of the school's members worked at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute,from which its name originates.
Feminism is a broad term given to works of those scholars who have sought to bring gender concerns into the academic study of international politics and who have used feminist theory and sometimes queer theory to better understand global politics and international relations as a whole.
L. H. M. "Lily" Ling was a political theorist and scholar whose work focused around the theory of worldism within international relations. Much of her work draws from storytelling,the arts,and non-Western culture to present alternative versions of historical analysis of global affairs. She was Professor of International Affairs at The New School at the time of her death.
The Beijing Consensus or China Model,also known as the Chinese Economic Model,is the political and economic policies of the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began to be instituted by Deng Xiaoping after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. The policies are thought to have contributed to China's "economic miracle" and eightfold growth in gross national product over two decades. In 2004,the phrase "Beijing Consensus" was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo to frame China's economic development model as an alternative—especially for developing countries—to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies promoted by the IMF,World Bank,and U.S. Treasury. In 2016,Ramo explained that the Beijing Consensus shows not that "every nation will follow China’s development model,but that it legitimizes the notion of particularity as opposed to the universality of a Washington model".
Postcolonial international relations is a branch of scholarship that approaches the study of international relations (IR) using the critical lens of postcolonialism. This critique of IR theory suggests that mainstream IR scholarship does not adequately address the impacts of colonialism and imperialism on current day world politics. Despite using the language of post-,scholars of postcolonial IR argue that the legacies of colonialism are ongoing,and that critiquing international relations with this lens allows scholars to contextualize global events. By bridging postcolonialism and international relations,scholars point to the process of globalization as a crucial point in both fields,due to the increases in global interactions and integration. Postcolonial IR focuses on the re-narrativization of global politics to create a balanced transnational understanding of colonial histories,and attempts to tie non-Western sources of thought into political praxis.
Green theory is a theory of international relations (IR). In contrast to mainstream theories of IR,it posits environmental issues as central to the study of international relations. According to green theory,mainstream theories like neorealism and neoliberalism fail to understand environmental problems through their rationalist and state-centric frameworks of analysis. Green theory focuses on the study of global justice,international development,modernization,and security. Green perspectives in IR emerged in the 1970s as a response to the increase of transnational issues related to the environment. By the end of the 20th century,green theory had established itself within the discipline. Green theory aligns itself with postpositivism that emerged from the so-called third debate of IR. The theory can be divided into an international political economy-oriented wing and a cosmopolitan wing. Initially,the IPE wing,mainly interested in environmental regimes,was stronger,but subsequently many cosmopolitan theorists,like David Held,Andrew Linklater,Henry Shue,and Thomas Pogge,have made contributions related to environmental issues.
The rationalist–constructivist debate is an ontological debate within international relations theory between rationalism and constructivism. In a 1998 article,Christian Reus-Smit and Richard Price suggested that the rationalist–constructivist debate was,or was about to become,the most significant in the discipline of international relations theory. The debate can be seen as to be centered on preference formation,with rationalist theories characterising changes in terms of shifts in capabilities,whereas constructivists focus on preference formation.
Amitav Acharya is a scholar and author,who is Distinguished Professor of International Relations at American University,Washington,D.C.,where he holds the UNESCO Chair in Transnational Challenges and Governance at the School of International Service,and serves as the chair of the ASEAN Studies Initiative. Acharya has expertise in and has made contributions to a wide range of topics in International Relations,including constructivism,ASEAN and Asian regionalism,and Global International Relations. He became the first non-Western President of the International Studies Association when he was elected to the post for 2014–15.
Raffaele Marchetti is an Italian political scientist and editorialist.
Jonathan Wilkenfeld is an American political scientist and professor emeritus at University of Maryland,specialized in foreign policy,terrorism and simulation methodology in political science. He is the Founding Director of the International Communication and Negotiation Simulations (ICONS) Project.
