Bachaler Olaszkai

Bachaler Olaszkai
Bachaler Olaszkai
Castellan of Koprivnica
Reign	1272
Died	around 1300
Noble family	House of Olaszkai
Father	Vida Olaszkai

Last updated September 02, 2019

Bachaler Olaszkai (Hungarian : Olaszkai Bachaler; died around 1300) was a Hungarian medieval soldier and lesser noble in the second half of the 13th century. He served as castellan of Koprivnica (Kapronca) in 1272, when King Stephen V's son and heir, Ladislaus was abducted and imprisoned there.^[1]

Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine (Subcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia and northern Slovenia.

Koprivnica City in Koprivnica-Križevci, Croatia

Koprivnica is a city in northern Croatia. It is the capital of the Koprivnica-Križevci county. In 2011, the city's administrative area of 90.94 km² had a total population of 30,854, with 23,955 in the city proper.

Stephen V was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the Great Hungarian Plain.

Military service

Bachaler was born into a lesser noble family of possible castle warrior origin, which possessed some landholdings in Vas County. His father was a certain Vida, who owned the estate of Olaszka (present-day belongs to Olaszfa). He had two brothers, Lawrence and Kemény.^[2] Bachaler joined the royal army in the summer of 1253, when Béla IV of Hungary launched a campaign against the Margraviate of Moravia, ruled by his long-standing enemy, Ottokar. During the campaign, Bachaler fought at the walls of the castle Pirill, where one of his relatives was perished. For his service and bravery, Bachaler was granted the estate of Szarakad by Béla IV in 1255, two years later. Prior to that, the land belonged to the ispánate of Vasvár and laid near his family's centre, Olaszka. With his brothers and other relatives, Bachaler divided their inherited and jointly owned land, Olaszka on 26 September 1258. He received a relatively insignificant portion.^[2]

A castle warrior was a landholder obliged to provide military services to the ispán or head of a royal castle district in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Castle warriors "formed a privileged, elite class that ruled over the mass of castle folk" from the establishment of the kingdom around 1000 AD. Due to the disintegration of the system of castle districts, many castle warriors became serfs working on the lands of private landholders in the 13th and 14th centuries; however, some of them were granted a full or "conditional noble" status.

Vas County (former) county of the Kingdom of Hungary

Vas was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in western Hungary, eastern Austria and eastern Slovenia (Prekmurje). The capital of the county was Szombathely.

Olaszfa is a village in Vas county, Hungary.

He disappears from contemporary sources in the 1260s. It is presumable that he entered the service of the increasingly influential baron, Joachim Gutkeled, during that time.^[2] Becoming Joachim's familiaris , Bachaler elevated into the position of castellan of Koprivnica, a stronghold in Slavonia by the summer of 1272.^[1] His lord, Joachim Gutkeled abducted the 10-year-old heir presumptive Ladislaus from the royal camp, which stayed in Slavonia, and held him in captivity in the fortress of Koprivnica in late June.^[3] Joachim entrusted his castellan Bachaler to guard the young prince, who was technically held under house arrest.^[4] As Ladislaus' jailer, Bachaler remained faithful to Joachim's case, even when Stephen V gathered an army and besieged Koprivnica. Bachaler and his garrison successfully defended the fort. The Hungarian king retreated to inner Hungary and died soon in early August 1272.^[5] Joachim Gutkeled departed for Székesfehérvár as soon as he was informed of Stephen V's death, because he wanted to arrange Ladislaus' ascension to the Hungarian throne. Ladislaus IV was crowned king in early September 1272.^[6] One of the first measures of the royal council, dominated by Joachim and his allies, was the confirmation and transliteration of Béla's former land donations to Bachaler in November 1272. The royal charter was issued in the name of the young monarch, accordingly, Bachaler has done countless ministry, shedding his blood and "exposing himself to the precarious whims of destiny", when "We were detained [...] due to the resentment of some of Hungary's barons".^[4]

Joachim from the kindred Gutkeled was a Hungarian influential lord in the second half of the 13th century. As a key figure of the struggles for power between the powerful barons in the 1270s, he kidnapped Ladislaus, the son of and heir to Stephen V of Hungary in July 1272, which was an unprecedented case in Hungarian history during that time and marked the beginning of half a century of turbulent period, called "feudal anarchy". Joachim was one of the first provincial lords, who sought to establish an oligarchic domain independently of the royal power. He was killed in a skirmish against the Babonići.

In the Middle Ages, a familiaris, more formally a familiaris regis or familiaris curiae, was, in the words of the historian W. L. Warren, "an intimate, a familiar resident or visitor in the [royal] household, a member of the familia, that wider family which embraces servants, confidents, and close associates." Warren adds that the term "defies adequate translation", but is distinct from courtier, "for the king employed his familiares on a variety of administrative tasks."

Slavonia is, with Dalmatia, Croatia proper and Istria, one of the four historical regions of Croatia. Taking up the east of the country, it roughly corresponds with five Croatian counties: Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Srijem, although the territory of the counties includes Baranya, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The counties cover 12,556 square kilometres or 22.2% of Croatia, inhabited by 806,192—18.8% of Croatia's population. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod and Vinkovci.

Alongside his brother, Kemény, Bachaler participated in the war against the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1273. They belonged to Joachim Gutkeled's banderium , when their lord, along with other barons, launched private initiative Hungarian incursions into Austria and Moravia in February. Both Bachaler and Kemény were wounded during the military action. Thereafter, they were transferred to the army of Ivan Kőszegi, ispán of Zala County, by April, where fought to recapture Győr from Ottokar's mercenaries. They also participated in the battle at Laa in August. They remained in the service of the Kőszegi army, and fought in the victorious battle at Marchegg. Bachaler seriously injured there. When a certain Moravian knight, Stephanych of Holun and his mercenaries stormed the borderlands in Vas County, Bachaler and Kemény clashed with them and captured some of important generals. For their service, Nicholas Kőszegi donated a portion of his land, Konsa in Križevci County to the brothers. Ladislaus IV confirmed the donation in a privilege letter on 21 July 1275.^[7]

The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes later in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic. It was an Imperial State in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Bohemian king was a prince-elector of the empire. The kings of Bohemia, besides Bohemia, also ruled the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, which at various times included Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, and parts of Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bavaria.

The banderium was a military unit which was distinguished by the banner of a high-ranking clergyman or nobleman in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Its name derived from the Latin or Italian words for banner.

The Duchy of Austria was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right. After the ruling dukes of the House of Babenberg became extinct in male line, there was as much as three decades of rivalry on inheritance and rulership, until the German king Rudolf I took over the dominion as the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in 1276. Thereafter, Austria became the patrimony and ancestral homeland of the dynasty and the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged Privilegium Maius of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III.

Later life

Sometime before 1280, Bachaler unlawfully seized the estate of Lapatk. In May 1280, Ladislaus IV ordered Stephen Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia to recover the land for his rightful owners and defend their interests. Bachaler is next mentioned by sources in January 1291, when Andrew III of Hungary confirmed and transcribed Béla's letter of donation (1255). Bachaler resided permanently in Križevci County by that time. He compiled his last will and testament around 1300, at the Franciscan monastery of Gorbonok (present-day Kloštar Podravski in Croatia). He owned portions of eight lands and estates in Vas and Križevci counties at the time of his death.^[7]

Ban of Slavonia or the Ban of "Whole Slavonia" was the title of the governor of a territory part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia.

Andrew III the Venetian was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1290 and 1301. His father, Stephen the Posthumous, was the posthumous son of Andrew II of Hungary although Stephen's brothers considered him a bastard. Andrew grew up in Venice, and first arrived in Hungary upon the invitation of a rebellious baron, Ivan Kőszegi, in 1278. Kőszegi tried to play Andrew off against Ladislaus IV of Hungary, but the conspiracy collapsed and Andrew returned to Venice.

Will and testament legal declaration by which a person names one or more persons to manage his or her estate and provides for the distribution of his property at death

A will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution. For the devolution of property not disposed of by will, see inheritance and intestacy.

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Matthew (II) from the kindred Csák was a powerful Hungarian baron, landowner and military leader, who held several secular positions during the reign of kings Béla IV, Stephen V and Ladislaus IV. He was the first notable member of the Trencsén branch of the gens ("clan") Csák. His nephew and heir was the oligarch Matthew III Csák, who, based on his uncles' acquisitions, became the de facto ruler of his domain independently of the king and usurped royal prerogatives on his territories.

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References

1 2 Zsoldos 2011, p. 261.
1 2 3 Kádár 2013, p. 534.
↑ Szűcs 2002, p. 215.
1 2 Kádár 2013, p. 528.
↑ Szűcs 2002, p. 216.
↑ Szűcs 2002, p. 390.
1 2 Kádár 2013, p. 535.

Sources

Kádár, Tamás (2013). "Történeti valóság és manipulált, illetve meghamisított politikai emlékezet Magyarországon IV. László király uralkodása első éveiben [Historical Reality and Manipulated and Forged Political Memory in Hungary During the First Regnal Years of King Ladislaus IV]". Fons. Szentpétery Imre Történettudományi Alapítvány. 20 (4): 525–540. ISSN 1217-8020.
Szűcs, Jenő (2002). Az utolsó Árpádok [The Last Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. ISBN 963-389-271-6.
Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.

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[FOOTNOTEZsoldos2011261-1] 1 2 Zsoldos 2011, p. 261.

[FOOTNOTEKádár2013534-2] 1 2 3 Kádár 2013, p. 534.

[FOOTNOTESzűcs2002215-3] Szűcs 2002, p. 215.

[FOOTNOTEKádár2013528-4] 1 2 Kádár 2013, p. 528.

[FOOTNOTESzűcs2002216-5] Szűcs 2002, p. 216.

[FOOTNOTESzűcs2002390-6] Szűcs 2002, p. 390.

[FOOTNOTEKádár2013535-7] 1 2 Kádár 2013, p. 535.