Battle of Delhi (1764)

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Battle of Delhi (1764)
Part of Decline of the Mughal Empire
DateNovember 1764 – February 1765
Location
Delhi, India
Result Sikh/Bharatpur victory [1] [2] [3] [4]
Belligerents
Flag of Bharatpur1.png Kingdom of Bharatpur
Supported by
Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg Sikh cavalry [ citation needed ]		 Flag of the Rampur State.svg Kingdom of Rohilkhand
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Bharatpur1.png Jawahar Singh [ citation needed ] Flag of the Rampur State.svg Najib ad-Dawlah

The Battle of Delhi (1764) was fought between the ruler of Kingdom of Bharatpur and the Rohilkhand Kingdom. Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur invaded and plundered Delhi along with the help of Marathas of Holkar clan. [5] [6]

Contents

Background

In December 1763, Suraj Mal, the famous Jat Raja of Bharatpur, was killed in a battle with Najib-ud-Daulah. His son, Jawahar Singh, and the whole Jat community wanted to take revenge for his death. Over the next year, Jawahar Singh prepared for war, even hiring the Marathas and Sikhs to help. This worried Najib, so he sent Meghraj, his messenger, to Ahmad Shah Abdali in Kandhar asking for help. Since the Sikhs had blocked the main route through Lahore, Meghraj took a longer path through Jammu in September–October. Najib also tried to make peace with Jawahar Singh, but Jawahar Singh refused, wanting revenge for his father. In early November, Jawahar Singh marched to Delhi and laid siege to Najib's forces there. This left Najib's lands, like Saharanpur, Meerut, and Bijnor, unprotected, giving the Sikhs a chance to attack. The Budha Dal, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, crossed the Jamuna at Buriya Ghat and entered the Ganga Doab. They quickly captured the area, looting villages, even those far away at the foot of the hills. While Najib was trapped in Delhi, Hafiz Rahmat Khan, with 6,000 men, did not fight the Sikhs strongly and withdrew. This invasion is remembered as one of the most destructive attacks in the region. [7]

Battle

In November 1764, Jawahar Singh laid siege to Najib-ud-Daulah's forces in Delhi. However, the siege was delayed due to Jawahar's ally, Malhar Rao Holkar, not fully supporting him and leaning toward Najib. As a result, Jawahar Singh turned to the Sikhs, who were raiding the Ganga Doab, for help. After negotiations, he promised them a large sum of money and enlisted 12–15,000 Sikhs. They arrived in early January 1765 at Barari Ghat, 20 km from Delhi, where Jawahir met them. However, their relationship soured when the Sikhs insulted his attendants, and during the meeting, they declared that Jawahar had joined the Khalsa and sought revenge for his father's death. Despite the disrespect, Jawahar, desperate for their assistance, agreed to join forces. The Sikhs formed trenches on the north side of the city while Jawahar and Malhar Rao fought from the east, and the Sikhs also cut off the supply lines to the city from the west. Fighting continued for 20 days, with some of Najib's soldiers, including 1,000 under Bhola Singh, fighting for him. The conflict outside Delhi is vividly described by the eyewitness Nur-ud-din, who recalls the Sikhs using hit-and-run tactics, hiding behind ruined buildings near the river, and fighting Najib's forces with muskets. Several skirmishes took place, and a Sikh in silver armor was killed. After a month of constant fighting, Najib's forces would come out at sunset to engage the Sikhs, who fought until nightfall. On January 9, 1765, it was reported that Jawahar Singh had defeated Najib-ud-Daulah and taken control of the city. Trapped in the fort, Najib sought help from the Marathas to escape. On January 25, 1765, a major battle took place near the Horse Market and Sabzimandi between Najib and the Sikhs, aided by the Jats. Although many were killed or wounded, the outcome was inconclusive. In February 1765, the Sikhs suddenly withdrew from Delhi without informing Jawahar Singh, as they learned that Ahmad Shah Abdali was advancing toward the city, and they returned to Punjab. [8] [9]

Aftermath

Jawahar Singh faced internal conflicts and financial difficulties after his campaign against Najib-ud-Daulah. He refused to pay Malhar Rao Holkar the remaining 12 lakh rupees and expelled Imad from Dig, forcing him to seek refuge in Farrukhabad. To reduce his reliance on traditional Jat forces loyal to his father’s officers, he hired foreign mercenaries, including Walter Reinhardt "Samru" and René Madec. With their support, he arrested senior Jat leaders, including Balaram, who had refused to hand over Bharatpur and its treasury. Some leaders died in prison under torture, while others took their own lives or surrendered their wealth. He then besieged the fort of Ver, held by Bahadur Singh, capturing it after three months through a combination of deception and internal betrayal. The siege cost him 30 lakh rupees, further straining his finances. His attempts to recover losses by seizing wealth from Jat nobles created resentment and alienated many, bringing in only 15 to 20 lakh rupees and weakening his position among his own people [10]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Das, Manoj (1983). India, a Tourist's Paradise. Facet Books International. p. 448. ISBN   9780932377005.
  2. ↑ Rajasthan [district gazetteers].: Dungarpur. Governmental Central Press. 1962. p. 479.
  3. ↑ (India), Bundelkhand (1984). Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations, Volumes 1-2. Vishwa Bharati Prakashan. p. 157.
  4. ↑ . Superintendent government printing, India. 1911. p. 371 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31991.{{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. p. 736. ISBN   9788129108906.
  6. ↑ Baker, David E. U (1993). Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN   9780195630497.
  7. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram. History of the Sikhs, Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803. Munshilal Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. Page 328. Accessed 29 January 2025.
  8. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath. Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. II: 1754-1771. M.C. Sarkar & Sons, Calcutta, 1934. Accessed 29 January 2025. Page 468.
  9. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram. History of the Sikhs, Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803. Munshilal Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. Accessed 29 January 2025. Page 328.
  10. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath. Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. II: 1754-1771. M.C. Sarkar & Sons, Calcutta, 1934. Accessed 29 January 2025. Page 470.
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