Battle of Samana

Battle of Samana
	Part of Mughal-Sikh Wars
Date	26 November 1709
Location	Samana
Result	Sikh victory; Establishment of the First Sikh State
Belligerents
Khalsa Peasants ; Dahiyas of Khanda ;	Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Banda Singh Bahadur	Wazir Khan
Strength
3,000 Cavalry ; 5,000 Infantry; 8,000 Total	10,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown	10,000

Last updated November 10, 2024

The Battle of Samana was fought between the Khalsa under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur and the Mughal Government of Samana in 1709. Following the battle, Banda Singh Bahadur shook the administration of Delhi.^[5]

Background

Samana was a town where executioners Sayyed Jalal-ud-din, Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg lived. Sayyed Jalal-ud-din was responsible for the execution of Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur, whereas, Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg were responsible for the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's two children.^[6]^[7]

Battle

The Sikhs had 3,000 horsemen and 5,000 foot-soldiers.^[8] The commander of Samana had his town well defended. Banda advanced with speed during the night and reached the gates of Samana by the dawn of November 26. Once the gate-keepers were killed the whole army charged into the town. The executioners of Guru Tegh Bahadur and his grand children were killed.^[8] The peasantry of the neighborhood joined Banda Singh's army of 8,000, looking to wreak vengeance upon their expropriating zamindars (feudal lords) and together with Banda and his army entered the town from all sides, killed thousands of the city's inhabitants and razed the town.^[6]^[9]^[10]^[3] Nearly 10,000 Muslims are said to have been massacred in the town and a great amount of wealth was obtained.^[11]^[12]

Aftermath

After the successful expedition against Samana, Banda Singh Bahadur established the First Sikh State and appointed Fateh Singh as the Governor of Samana.^[8]^[13] Later, some important towns on the way to Sirhind were plundered, especially as they could provide military assistance to Sirhind.^[14]^[15] Banda also forcibly took supplies from the villagers and plundered Ambala on the way.^[16] The villages of Kunjpura, Ghuram and Thaska were also destroyed by the Sikhs, which were inhabited by Muslim Ranghars, who committed atrocities against the general population.^[17] Samana is a widely underrated city despite of its rich history.

It served as capital city of muslims in past Punjab, and Panj Peer shrine located in Samana is one of the most respected shrine in Punjab after shrines in Malerkotla, Punjab.

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References

↑ Sagoo 2001, p. 124.
↑ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 891. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
1 2 Jacques, p. 892
↑ Joon, Rs (2017-04-20). "Foreword to History: A Novel". University of Illinois Press. 1: 179–180. doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0023. While on his way to Punjab, Banda Bairagi broke his journey at Sehri - Khandaa a Jat village of Dahiya Gotra, 20 miles west of Delhi. From there he dispatched letters to all the Jathedars of the Panth to concentrate forthwith. He planned to attack and loot the Royal treasury by and by the Sikhs started arriving and the strength of the force rose to 14000. He attached Samana, overran Sadhora
↑ Alexander Mikaberidze (31 July 2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8 . Retrieved 15 September 2013.
1 2 Sagoo 2001, p. 125.
↑ Singh, Patwant (2007). The Sikhs. Crown Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 9780307429339.
1 2 3 Singh and Singh, Daljeet and Kharak (1997). Sikhism its Philosophy and History. Nagar, Chandigarh: Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 426. ISBN 81-85815-03-8.
↑ Journal of Indian History. Department of Modern Indian History, 1981. 1981. p. 209. The peasantry joined hands with the Sikhs and did not hesitate to wreak vengeance upon their expropriating landlords.
↑ Grewal, J. S. (1998-10-08). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.
↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793. p. 46.
↑ Singh, Ganda (1950). A Short History of the Sikhs. Orient Longmans. p. 79.
↑ Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 28.
↑ Gandhi 1999, p. 28.
↑ Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 124. ISBN 9788176293006.
↑ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013-03-28). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-108-05547-5.
↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) [1937]. History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) (PDF). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 9788121502481.

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[FOOTNOTESagoo2001124-1] Sagoo 2001, p. 124.

[sarsa-2] Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 891. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.

[jacques-3] 1 2 Jacques, p. 892

[4] Joon, Rs (2017-04-20). "Foreword to History: A Novel". University of Illinois Press. 1: 179–180. doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0023. While on his way to Punjab, Banda Bairagi broke his journey at Sehri - Khandaa a Jat village of Dahiya Gotra, 20 miles west of Delhi. From there he dispatched letters to all the Jathedars of the Panth to concentrate forthwith. He planned to attack and loot the Royal treasury by and by the Sikhs started arriving and the strength of the force rose to 14000. He attached Samana, overran Sadhora

[Mikaberidze2011-5] Alexander Mikaberidze (31 July 2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8 . Retrieved 15 September 2013.

[FOOTNOTESagoo2001125-6] 1 2 Sagoo 2001, p. 125.

[pat-7] Singh, Patwant (2007). The Sikhs. Crown Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 9780307429339.

[:0-8] 1 2 3 Singh and Singh, Daljeet and Kharak (1997). Sikhism its Philosophy and History. Nagar, Chandigarh: Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 426. ISBN 81-85815-03-8.

[9] Journal of Indian History. Department of Modern Indian History, 1981. 1981. p. 209. The peasantry joined hands with the Sikhs and did not hesitate to wreak vengeance upon their expropriating landlords.

[10] Grewal, J. S. (1998-10-08). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.

[11] Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793. p. 46.

[12] Singh, Ganda (1950). A Short History of the Sikhs. Orient Longmans. p. 79.

[13] Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEGandhi199928-14] Gandhi 1999, p. 28.

[15] Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 124. ISBN 9788176293006.

[16] Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013-03-28). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-108-05547-5.

[17] Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) [1937]. History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) (PDF). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 9788121502481.

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