| Battle of Igren | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Turkish-Cossack Conflict | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Zaporozhian Cossacks |  Crimean Khanate | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Ivan Sirko | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2,000 [1] | 10,000 [2] [1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Light | Almost all killed [3] [2] [4] [5] | ||||||
The Battle of Igren is a semi-legendary battle that took place between the Tatar army of Crimean Khanate and the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ivan Sirko, near Stanovoy and other adjacent islands, Samara River on Igren Peninsula, during summer of 1660.
Tatars conducted a raid, during which they captured 15,000 people and were planning to go back to Crimea with the captives. The Tatar army numbered around 10,000. [2] [1] Ivan Sirko had around 2,000 Cossacks under his command. [1]
Tatars were going to cross the Samara River in order to return to Crimea with their exploits. Ivan Sirko knew about this, and with his Cossacks set up an ambush for an incoming Tatar army. As the Tatars were crossing the river, Ivan Sirko made his battle cry and with Cossacks launched a surprise attack on the unsuspecting Tatar army. [5] Cossacks inflicted a crushing defeat on the vastly more numerous Tatar army, slaughtering it. [3] [5] [2] [6] [4] Only a few Tatars managed to escape. [5] According to a local legend, as the surviving Tatars were fleeing the battle, they yelled out "Ogren! Ogren!", which in Turkic meant: "Cursed, Cursed [Place]!". [7]
Cossacks freed 15,000 people taken captive by Tatars. [8] Tatars in Crimea were mourning their dead on Samara River for a whole week. [2] After this battle, Monastery island became a property of Sich Cossacks. [3] According to local folk legends, after Tatars suffered a crushing defeat, they named this place "Ogren", the locals then changed the name to "Igren", and that's how they began calling the peninsula. [6]
For a long time, this battle was considered to be legendary, largely relying on accounts of local folk legends. However, archeologists later discovered a number of historical artifacts on Igren Peninsula, among which there were rusty sabres and Tatar arrowheads, supporting historicity of the battle. [9] [10] [7] [4]
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, is an oblast (province) in simultaneously southern, eastern and central Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,096,485, approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative centers: Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.
The Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 were two military campaigns of the Tsardom of Russia against the Crimean Khanate. They were a part of the Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) and Russo-Crimean Wars. These were the first Russian forces to come close to Crimea since 1569. They failed due to poor planning and the practical problem of moving such a large force across the steppe but nonetheless played a key role in halting the Ottoman expansion in Europe. The campaigns came as a surprise for the Ottoman leadership, spoiled its plans to invade Poland and Hungary and forced it to move significant forces from Europe to the east, which greatly helped the League in its struggle against the Ottomans.
Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa was a Ukrainian military, political, and civic leader who served as the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host and the Left-bank Ukraine in 1687–1708. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works. He was famous as a patron of the arts.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and the continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars. The war also represented Russia's ongoing struggle for access to the Black Sea. In 1737, the Habsburg monarchy joined the war on Russia's side, known in historiography as the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739.
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441–1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441, it was regarded as the direct heir to the Golden Horde and to Desht-i-Kipchak.
Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnipro River, after which its name is derived. Dnipro is the administrative centre of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. It hosts the administration of Dnipro urban hromada. Dnipro has a population of 968,502.
Nikopol is a city and municipality (hromada) in Nikopol Raion in the south of Ukraine, on the right bank of the Dnieper River, about 63 km south-east of Kryvyi Rih and 48 km south-west of Zaporizhzhia. Population: 105.160.
Mirza Tughai Bey, Tuhay Bey sometimes also spelled as Togay Bey was a notable military leader and politician of the Crimean Tatars.
The Battle of Molodi was one of the key battles of Ivan the Terrible's reign. It was fought near the village of Molodi, 40 miles (64 km) south of Moscow, in July–August 1572 between the 120,000 horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea and about 60,000–70,000 Russians led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky. The Crimeans had burned Moscow the previous year, but this time they were thoroughly defeated.
Samar, formerly known as Novomoskovsk until 2024, is a city and municipality in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Samar Raion within the oblast. Samar is located predominantly on the right bank of the Samara River, a left tributary of the Dnieper River. The city is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the administrative center of the oblast, Dnipro. As of January 2022, Novomoskovsk's population was approximately 69,855.
Petro Dorofiyovich Doroshenko was a Cossack political and military leader, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine (1665–1672) and a Russian voivode.
Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks is a painting by Ilya Repin. It is also known as Cossacks of Saporog Are Drafting a Manifesto and Cossacks are Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan.
The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River.
Ivan Dmytrovych Sirko was a Zaporozhian Cossack military leader, Koshovyi Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host and putative co-author of the famous semi-legendary Cossack letter to the Ottoman sultan that inspired the major painting Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks by the 19th-century artist Ilya Repin.
The Bug Cossack Host was a Cossack host, which used to be located along the Southern Buh River. The 2nd Bug Regiment was led by Ataman Pyotr Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky. The 1st regiment was commanded by Ivan Kasperov. In 1788, the two regiments merged into one Bug Cossack. The combined regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Pytor Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky, who would become the first ataman of the Bug Cossack army.
The Chortomlyk Sich was a sich founded by Cossacks led by kish otaman Fedir Lutay in the summer of 1652 on the right bank of the Chortomlyk distributary of the Dnieper near the current village of Kapulivka.
The history of Dnipro starts with the human settlement of the city, which is first attested in the Neolithic period. In the Antiquity, the area of the future city was ruled by Scythians and a number of other tribes. In the Middle Ages, an Orthodox monastery existed on one of the islands on the Dneper, which now lays in the city borders. The region was devastated by the Mongol invasion of Rus' and later came under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During this period, settlements of Zaporozhian Cossacks appeared on the lands of modern-day Dnipro, and a Polish fortress was constructed on one of the rapids south of the city.
Battle of Sudbischi a battle that took place between the troops of the Crimean Khanate led by Devlet Giray and the Russian army led by Ivan Sheremetyev. The battle ended with the retreat of the Crimean troops and a Russian victory.
The Battle of Sich took place between the Ottoman-Crimean army and the Zaporozhian Cossacks, during the Ottoman-Crimean campaign into the Sich, at night in winter of 1674.
The Battle of Sich or Stand on the Sich took place between the Ottoman-Crimean army led by Pasha Kara-Muhammad and the Zaporozhian-Don Cossacks led by Ivan Sirko, on the Sich or Lobodukha tract between islands, in c. June 1680.