Bergamotene

Not to be confused with bergamottin.

Bergamotenes

α-cis-bergamotene α-trans-bergamotene
β-cis-bergamotene β-trans-bergamotene
Names
IUPAC names (α): 2,6-Dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (β): 6-Methyl-2-methylidene-6-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
Identifiers
CAS Number	(α): 17699-05-7 (α-trans): 13474-59-4 (α-cis): 23971-87-1 (β): 6895-56-3 (β-trans): 15438-94-5 (β-cis): 15438-93-4
3D model (JSmol)	(α): Interactive image (β) (β): Interactive image
ChEBI	(α-trans): CHEBI:62756 (α-cis): CHEBI:61679 (β-cis): CHEBI:61678
ChemSpider	(α-trans): 78115
KEGG	(α-trans): C20811 (α-cis): C19735 (β-cis): C19737
PubChem CID	(α-trans): 6429302 (α-cis): 6429303 (β-trans): 12300073 (β-cis): 12300069
UNII	(α-trans): 599TK2712C  (α-trans) Y (β): 2H330CKD1Z  Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	(α-trans): DTXSID901017570
SMILES (α):CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)CCC=C(C)C (β) (β):CC(=CCCC1(C2CCC(=C)C1C2)C)C
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H24
Molar mass	204.357 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Bergamotenes are a group of isomeric chemical compounds with the molecular formula C₁₅H₂₄. The bergamotenes are found in a variety of plants, particularly in their essential oils.

There are two structural isomers, α-bergamotene and β-bergamotene, which differ only by the location of a double bond. Both of these isomers have stereoisomers, the most common of which are known as the cis and trans -isomers (or endo- and exo-isomers).

α-Bergamotene is found in the oils of carrot, bergamot, lime, citron, cottonseed, and kumquat. ^{[1] [2]}

Pheromones

The bergamotenes are pheromones for some insects. For example, β-trans-bergamotene is a pheromone for the wasp Melittobia digitata . ^[3] Plants can defend themselves against attack by herbivorous insects by producing pheromones such as bergamotenes that attract predators of those herbivores. ^{[4] [5]} In a more complex relationship, the tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata emits α-trans-bergamotene from its flowers at night to attract the tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta) as a pollinator; however, during the day the leaves produce α-trans-bergamotene to lure predatory insects to feed on any larvae and eggs that the pollinator may have produced. ^{[6] [7]}

Biosynthesis

All the bergamotenes are biosynthesized from farnesyl pyrophosphate ^[8] via a variety of enzymes including exo-alpha-bergamotene synthase, (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase, (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase, and others. Bergamotenes, in turn, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of more complex chemical compounds. For example, β-trans-bergamotene is a precursor in the biosynthesis of fumagillin, ovalicin, and related antibiotics. ^{[8] [9]}

References

1. "Metabocard for alpha-Bergamotene (HMDB0036678)". Human Metabolome Database.
2. Koyasako, A.; Bernhard, R. A. (1983). "Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Kumquat". Journal of Food Science. 48 (6): 1807–1812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05090.x.
3. "Semiochemical - beta-trans-bergamotene". pherobase.com.
4. Kessler, A.; Baldwin, I. T. (2001). "Defensive Function of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile Emissions in Nature". Science. 291 (5511): 2141–2144. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.2141K. doi:10.1126/science.291.5511.2141. PMID   11251117.
5. Schnee, C.; Kollner, T. G.; Held, M.; Turlings, T. C. J.; Gershenzon, J.; Degenhardt, J. (2006). "The products of a single maize sesquiterpene synthase form a volatile defense signal that attracts natural enemies of maize herbivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (4): 1129–1134. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1129S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0508027103 . PMC   1347987 . PMID   16418295.
6. Zhou, Wenwu; Kügler, Anke; McGale, Erica; Haverkamp, Alexander; Knaden, Markus; Guo, Han; Beran, Franziska; Yon, Felipe; Li, Ran; Lackus, Nathalie; Köllner, Tobias G.; Bing, Julia; Schuman, Meredith C.; Hansson, Bill S.; Kessler, Danny; Baldwin, Ian T.; Xu, Shuqing (2017). "Tissue-Specific Emission of (E)-α-Bergamotene Helps Resolve the Dilemma when Pollinators Are Also Herbivores". Current Biology. 27 (9): 1336–1341. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.1336Z. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.017 . hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-002D-1838-C . PMID   28434859.
7. "Bergamotene—alluring and lethal for Manduca sexta". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. April 24, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
8. Cane, David E.; McIlwaine, Douglas B.; Harrison, Paul H. M. (1989). "Bergamotene biosynthesis and the enzymic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (3): 1152–1153. Bibcode:1989JAChS.111.1152C. doi:10.1021/ja00185a068.
9. Cane, David E.; McIlwaine, Douglas B. (1987). "The biosynthesis of ovalicin from β-trans-bergamotene". Tetrahedron Letters. 28 (52): 6545–6548. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)96909-0.