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Masculinity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.
Discursive psychology (DP) is a form of discourse analysis that focuses on psychological themes in talk, text, and images.
Lad culture was a media-driven, principally British and Irish subculture of the 1990s and early 2000s. The term lad culture continues to be used today to refer to collective, boorish or misogynistic behaviour by young heterosexual men, particularly university students.
The mythopoetic men's movement was a body of self-help activities and therapeutic workshops and retreats for men undertaken by various organizations and authors in the United States from the early 1980s through the 1990s. The term mythopoetic was coined by professor Shepherd Bliss in preference to the term "New Age men's movement". Mythopoets adopted a general style of psychological self-help inspired by the work of Robert Bly, Robert A. Johnson, Joseph Campbell, and other Jungian authors. The group activities used in the movement were largely influenced by ideas derived from Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, known as Jungian psychology, e.g., Jungian archetypes, from which the use of myths and fairy tales taken from various cultures served as ways to interpret challenges facing men in society.
The men's movement is a social movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily in Western countries, which consists of groups and organizations of men and their allies who focus on gender issues and whose activities range from self-help and support to lobbying and activism.
Don Kulick is professor of anthropology at Uppsala University in Sweden. Kulick works within the frameworks of both cultural and linguistic anthropology, and has carried out field work in Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Italy and Sweden. Kulick is also known for his extensive fieldwork on the Tayap people and their language in Gapun village of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Mary Bucholtz is professor of linguistics at UC Santa Barbara. Bucholtz's work focuses largely on language use in the United States, and specifically on issues of language and youth; language, gender, and sexuality; African American English; and Mexican and Chicano Spanish.
In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity is part of R. W. Connell's gender order theory, which recognizes multiple masculinities that vary across time, society, culture, and the individual. Hegemonic masculinity is defined as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man. Conceptually, hegemonic masculinity proposes to explain how and why men maintain dominant social roles over women, and other gender identities, which are perceived as "feminine" in a given society.
Margaret Wetherell is a prominent academic in the area of discourse analysis.
Deborah Cameron is a feminist linguist who currently holds the Rupert Murdoch Professorship in Language and Communication at Worcester College, Oxford University.
LGBT linguistics is the study of language as used by members of LGBT communities. Related or synonymous terms include lavender linguistics, advanced by William Leap in the 1990s, which "encompass[es] a wide range of everyday language practices" in LGBT communities, and queer linguistics, which refers to the linguistic analysis concerning the effect of heteronormativity on expressing sexual identity through language. The former term derives from the longtime association of the color lavender with LGBT communities. "Language", in this context, may refer to any aspect of spoken or written linguistic practices, including speech patterns and pronunciation, use of certain vocabulary, and, in a few cases, an elaborate alternative lexicon such as Polari.
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Elizabeth Stokoe is a British scientist and Professor of Social Interaction at Loughborough University where she studies conversation analysis.
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An An is a weekly Japanese women's lifestyle magazine. It is one of the earliest and popular women's magazines in Japan. In 2009 it was described by Japan Today as a mega-popular women's magazine. It is also one of the best-selling women's magazines in the country.
Toxic masculinity is a set of certain male behaviors associated with harm to society and men themselves. Traditional stereotypes of men as socially dominant, along with related traits such as misogyny and homophobia, can be considered "toxic" due in part to their promotion of violence, including sexual assault and domestic violence. The violent socialization of boys often normalizes violence, such as in the saying "boys will be boys" about bullying and aggression.
Alastair Pennycook is an applied linguist. He is Distinguished Professor of Language, Society and Education, Emeritus at the University of Technology Sydney, and a Research Professor at the Centre for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan at the University of Oslo. He was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2016.
The new man was a media-created archetype of male behaviour, widely discussed in mass media in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s and 1990s. The new man was typically represented – positively or negatively – as a heterosexual man who combined two principal characteristics: a concern for style and personal grooming with broadly pro-feminist attitudes. From the early 1990s, the concept of the "new lad" emerged in deliberate contrast to the new man; the dominant lad culture of the later 1990s was often explained as a male backlash against the undesirable effeminacy of the new man. Gender studies academics such as Rosalind Gill have seen the discourse around the new man and the new lad as marking a significant moment of social change, when masculinity was for the first time very widely and openly discussed, rather than being understood as the "invisible, unmarked norm of human existence and experience."
References
- ↑ "Benwell, Bethan". Library of Congress. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
data view (birth date: August 04, 1971)
- ↑ "Dr Bethan Benwell". University of Stirling. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ "Contact details". devolvingdiasporas.com. Newcastle University . Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Benwell, Bethan; Stokoe, Elizabeth (2006). Discourse and identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748617500.
- ↑ "BAAL Book Prize 2007" (PDF). British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
