Bibudhendra Sarkar

Last updated
Bibudhendra Sarkar
Recipient “Order of Canada”
Bibudhendra Sarkar.jpg
Born (1935-08-02) August 2, 1935 (age 89)
Kushtia, Bengal, British India
NationalityIndian (former)
Canadian
Alma mater Calcutta University
Banaras Hindu University
University of Southern California
Known forInventor of Menkes disease treatment by copper-histidine
SpouseDipti Dutt (d. 1985)
Children2
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsHospital For Sick Children and University of Toronto
Thesis Studies on the transport, metabolism and chemistry of iron-sugar chelates  (1964)
Doctoral advisor Paul Saltman

Bibudhendra Sarkar CM (born August 2, 1935), commonly known as Amu Sarkar, is an Indian-born Canadian biochemist known for his research on copper-histidine therapy in human blood, which led to one of the first effective treatments for Menkes disease. From 1990 to 2002, he served as Head of the Division of Biochemistry Research at the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute in Toronto. During his tenure, he founded the institute's Department of Structural Biology Research in 1990. [1]

Contents

Early life and education

Bibudhendra Sarkar was born on August 2, 1935, in Kushtia, Bengal, British India (now Bangladesh). [2] [3] His father, Surendra Nath Sarkar, was a lawyer, and his mother, Sucheta Sarkar (née Chaki), a homemaker, died when he was one year old. [2] He completed his kindergarten and primary education at Kushtia Mission School, a Catholic institution. [2]

Following the Partition of India in 1947, Sarkar's family relocated to Calcutta after losing their possessions. [2] He attended City College School and later City College, Kolkata, earning his Matriculation and Intermediate Science certifications from the University of Calcutta. [2] [3] [4] He pursued higher education at Banaras Hindu University in Uttar Pradesh, [2] specializing in the chemistry of natural products and earning Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) and Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) degrees. [2]

During his undergraduate studies, Sarkar worked as a summer researcher at the Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow, under the mentorship of Manojit Mohan Dhar, who encouraged him to pursue graduate studies abroad. [2] He subsequently moved to the United States, completing a PhD in biochemistry at the University of Southern California in 1964 under the supervision of Paul Saltman. [2] [5] At USC, his work was influenced by chemists Sydney Benson (chemical kinetics), Arthur Adamson (physical chemistry), and Bo Malmström (metal-activated enzyme chemistry). [2]

Career

In early 1964, Sarkar presented his PhD research at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting in Chicago, where he was approached by Andrew Sass-Kortsak, a clinician specializing in Wilson’s disease at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children. [2] [6] Sass-Kortsak, then leading the hospital's Genetic Metabolic Program, sought a basic scientist to join his team and offered Sarkar a staff scientist position. This role included start-up funding and a dedicated laboratory in a newly constructed wing of the hospital. [2] [6] Shortly after, Sarkar received a cross-appointment to the University of Toronto's Department of Biochemistry. [1]

Sarkar began attending clinical Grand Rounds with Sass-Kortsak and visited Wilson's disease patients in hospital wards. [2] His research shifted toward metal-related disorders, driven by his expertise in biophysical studies of metal-protein interactions and metal transport. Collaborating with Sass-Kortsak, Sarkar pioneered multidisciplinary research at SickKids, bridging basic science and clinical medicine to foster a collaborative institutional environment. [6] In 1990, he was appointed Head of the Division of Biochemistry Research at SickKids. [1]

Research

Sarkar discovered copper-histidine in human blood. [7] He invented the treatment of Menkes disease by copper-histidine. [8] [9] He discovered the amino terminal Cu (II)- and Ni (II)- binding (ATCUN) motif of proteins. [10] [11] This motif has been used to cleave DNA, [12] [13] [14] applied as a paramagnetic probe [15] and used to kill Ehrlich cells. [16] His laboratory identified and characterized the six copper-binding sites of copper-ATPase [17] that is defective in Wilson’s disease. [18] He pioneered the development of metalloproteomics, a subdiscipline of proteomics that attempts to identify and characterize all metal-associated proteins in a well-defined system. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] He also contributed to global health research in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Myanmar, where tens of thousands of people are exposed to naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals in drinking water from underground wells [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Sarkar is considered a pioneer in establishing inorganic biochemistry through his research in the early 1960s. He organized the first international meeting of Biological Inorganic Chemistry in the Board Room of the Hospital for Sick Children in 1972. [34] This initiative was followed by the 56th Nobel Symposium in Inorganic Biochemistry held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. [35] He has published extensively in scientific journals, organized many series of international symposia on metals and genetics, edited several books on metals in biology, genetics, and environment. [36] [37] [38] [39] He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. [40]

The discovery of copper-histidine in human blood and invention of Menkes disease treatment

Sarkar discovered copper-histidine in human blood in 1966 and recognized it as a biological form by which copper, an essential element to sustain life, is transported in blood. [7] In 1976, Sarkar proposed that a baby with Menkes disease receive copper-histidine via subcutaneous injection. [6] This was the world’s first Menkes patient to receive copper-histidine therapy. [6] [7] [8] [41] Children with this disease are now living longer and reaching adulthood with copper-histidine treatment. [8] [9] [41] [42] [43] Sarkar did not patent copper-histidine; he intended that it be readily available to Menkes patients at a reasonable cost. [6] [41] The formulation and detailed compounding procedure for the preparation of copper-histidine is freely available by SickKids Pharmacy to physicians and hospital pharmacies around the world upon request. [6] [41] Sarkar also helped make copper-histidine formulation for Menkes disease in other countries including NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md. USA, [44] India, [45] and Mexico. [46]

Molecular structure of Cu(II)-histidine and ATCUN Motif

Sarkar solved the structure of the copper(II)-histidine molecule used for the treatment of Menkes disease. [47] He discovered the ATCUN (Amino terminal Cu(II), Ni(II) binding) motif of proteins and peptides. [10] [11]

Wilson’s disease ATPase

Sarkar’s laboratory identified six copper-binding sites of Wilson’s disease ATPase with all six copper atoms binding ATPase in +1-oxidation state. [17] Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, Sarkar’s team proposed that copper transfer to and between the N-terminal domains of the Wilson ATPase occurs via protein interactions that are facilitated by the flexibility of the linkers and the motional freedom of the domains with respect to each other. [18]

Metalloproteomics

Sarkar along with his colleague Eve Roberts, a hepatologist and Wilson’s disease specialist, pioneered the development of metalloproteomics. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] He first presented the concept and findings of metalloproetomics relating to copper in 2002. [19] [20]

Global health research

Sarkar led a team of international scientists investigating naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals throughout South- and Southeast Asia. In his early research in Bangladesh, Sarkar identified a small child with advanced signs of arsenic poisoning, an observation that motivated extensive research in this region. [48] [49] [50] Discovery Canada Television produced an hour-long documentary focusing on Sarkar’s work on this devastating health crisis in Bangladesh. [26] [27] Sarkar’s team discovered that arsenic is not the only toxic metal contaminating the groundwater; other toxic metals such as, manganese, lead, chromium, and uranium are also present in groundwater. They produced heat maps of arsenic and other toxic metals in Bangladesh and West Bengal (India) groundwater, identifying areas where contamination is of special concern. [28] [29] Their investigation was further extended to the neighboring country of Myanmar (Burma), which has a similar geology, and where they found high concentrations of many of the same toxic metals in groundwater. [30] Sarkar’s team also carried out field work in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2015. [31] In addition, the team called for the WHO to re-evaluate its guidelines for many toxic substances in drinking water based on their health hazards. [32] Sarkar’s team stressed that multiple metal contamination of groundwater is an issue of global concern, and the risks may be further magnified by climate change. [33]

Inorganic Biochemistry

Sarkar organized and chaired the first international meeting of Inorganic Biochemistry in the Board Room of SickKids with 35 participants in 1972 [34] which included among others, R J P Williams (Oxford), Gerhard Schrauzer (University of California, San Diego), David R. Williams (Saint Andrews University, UK), David A Brown (University College Dublin) and Barry Lever (York University). To acknowledge this new discipline the 56th Nobel Symposium introducing Inorganic Biochemistry was held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. [35] He organized various series of Symposia on Metals and Genetics beginning in 1994 and edited several books on metals in biology, metal-related diseases, and metals in the environment. [36] [37] [38] [39] He was a member of the committee to establish terminology relating to -omics and metals under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). [51] He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. [40]

Personal life

He was married to Dipti Sarkar (née Dutt) (b. 1944 – d. 1985), an Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and historian. [52] He has a son and a daughter. [52]

Awards and honours

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Bibudhendra Sarkar". Hospital for Sick Children. 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sarkar, Bibudhendra (April–May 2003). "Recollections: How I Became a Biochemist". IUBMB Life. 55 (4–5): 287–289. doi: 10.1080/1521654031000124285 . ISSN   1521-6551. PMID   12880212. S2CID   39496169.
  3. 1 2 "Matriculation Examination Certificate of Bibudhendra Sarkar" (Document). Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 25 July 1951.
  4. ↑ "Intermediate Examination in Science Certificate of Bibudhendra Sarkar" (Document). Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 28 July 1953.
  5. ↑ Sarkar, Bibudhendra (1964). Studies on the transport, metabolism and chemistry of iron-sugar chelates (PhD thesis). University of Southern California.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "A Story of SickKids' first scientist". Hospital for Sick Children. 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 Sarkar, Bibudhendra; Kruck, T.P.A. (1966). "Copper-amino acid complexes in human serum". In Peisach, J.; Aisen, P.; Blumberg, W. (eds.). Biochemistry of Copper. New York: Academic Press. pp. 183–196.
  8. 1 2 3 Sherwood, G.; Sarkar, B.; Sass-Kortsak, A. (1989). "Copper histidinate therapy in Menkes' Disease: prevention of progressive neurodegeneration". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 12: 393–396. doi:10.1007/BF03335432. ISSN   1573-2665. PMID   2512453. S2CID   13310481.
  9. 1 2 Sarkar, B.; Lingertat-Walsh, K.; Clarke, J.T.R. (1993). "Copper-histidine Therapy for Menkes disease". Journal of Pediatrics. 123 (5): 828–830. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80870-4. ISSN   1097-6833. PMID   8229500.
  10. 1 2 Lau, S.J.; Kruck, T.; Sarkar, B. (1974). "A Peptide Molecule Mimicking the Copper(II)-Transport Site of Human Albumin. A Comparative Study Between the Synthetic Site and Albumin". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (18): 5878–5884. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)79900-X . ISSN   1083-351X. PMID   4411707.
  11. 1 2 Harford, C.; Sarkar, B. (1997). "Amino Terminal Cu(II)- and Ni(II)- Binding (ATCUN) Motif of Proteins and Peptides: Metal Binding, DNA Cleavage and other Properties". ChemInform. 28: 27. doi:10.1002/chin.199727316. ISSN   0931-7597.
  12. ↑ Mack, David P.; Iverson, Brent L.; Dervan, Peter B. (1988). "Design and chemical synthesis of a sequence-specific DNA-cleaving protein". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 110 (22): 7572–7574. Bibcode:1988JAChS.110.7572M. doi:10.1021/ja00230a067. ISSN   1520-5126.
  13. ↑ Mack, David P.; Dervan, Peter B. (1990). "Nickel-mediated sequence-specific oxidative cleavage of DNA by a designed metalloprotein". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 112 (11): 4604–4606. Bibcode:1990JAChS.112.4604M. doi:10.1021/ja00167a102. ISSN   1520-5126.
  14. ↑ Mack, David P.; Dervan, Peter B. (1992). "Sequence-specific oxidative cleavage of DNA by a designed metalloprotein, Ni(II).GGH(Hin139-190)". Biochemistry. 31 (39): 9399–9405. doi:10.1021/bi00154a011. ISSN   1520-4995. PMID   1390723.
  15. ↑ Donaldson, Logan W.; Skrynnikov, Nikolai R.; Choy, Wing-Yiu; Muhandirak, D. Ranjith; Sarkar, Bibudhendra; Forman-Kay, Julie D.; Kay, Lewis E. (2001). "Structural Characterization of Proteins with an Attached ATCUN Motif by Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement NMR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 123 (40): 9843–9847. Bibcode:2001JAChS.123.9843D. doi:10.1021/ja011241p. ISSN   1520-5126. PMID   11583547.
  16. ↑ Kimoto, E.; Tanaka, H.; Gyotoku, J.; Morishige, F.; Pauling, L. (1983). "Enhancement of antitumor activity of ascorbate against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by the copper:glycylglycylhistidine complex". Cancer Research. 43 (2): 824–828. ISSN   1538-7445. PMID   6293704.
  17. 1 2 DiDonato, M.; Narindrasorasak, S.; Forbes, J.R.; Cox, D.W.; Sarkar, B. (1997). "Expression, purification and metal binding properties of the N-terminal domain from the Wilson disease putative Cu-transporting ATPase (ATP7B)". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 33279–33282. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.52.33279 . ISSN   1083-351X. PMID   9407118.
  18. 1 2 Fatemi, Negah; Korzhnev, Dmitry M.; Velyvis, Algirdas; Sarkar, Bibudhendra; Forman-Kay, Julie D. (2010). "NMR characterization of copper-binding domains 4-6 of ATP7B". Biochemistry. 49 (39): 8468–8477. doi:10.1021/bi1008535. ISSN   1520-4995. PMID   20799727.
  19. 1 2 Sarkar, B.; Spitale, N.; She, Y.-M.; Narindrasorasak, S.; Yang, S. (2002). Metalloproteomics of copper transport in mammalian liver. 3rd International Meeting on Copper Homeostasis and its Disorders: Molecular and Cellular Aspects. Ischia, Italy.
  20. 1 2 3 Roberts, E.A.; Sarkar, B.; She, Y.-M.; Narindrasorasak, S.; Yang, S. (2002). "Metalloproteome of normal and copper-depleted Hep G2 cells". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1: 662. ISSN   1535-9484.
  21. 1 2 She, Yi-Min; Narindrasorasak, Suree; Yang, Suyun; Spitale, Naomi; Roberts, Eve A.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2003). "Identification of proteins in human hepatoma lines by immunomobilized metal affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 2 (12): 1306–1318. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M300080-MCP200 . ISSN   1535-9484. PMID   14534351. S2CID   6605780.
  22. 1 2 Smith, Scott D.; She, Yi-Min; Roberts, Eve A.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2004). "Using Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry to Identify Hepatocellular Proteins with Copper-Binding Ability". Journal of Proteome Research. 3 (4): 834–840. doi:10.1021/pr049941r. ISSN   1535-3907. PMID   15359738.
  23. 1 2 Kulkarni, Prasad P.; She, Yi Min; Smith, Scott D.; Roberts, Eve A.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2006). "Proteomics of Metal Transport and Metal-Associated Diseases". Chemistry: A European Journal. 12 (9): 2410–2422. doi:10.1002/chem.200500664. ISSN   1521-3765. PMID   16134204.
  24. 1 2 Roberts, Eve A.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2014). "Metalloproteomics: Focus on metabolic issues relating to metals". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 17 (5): 426–430. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000085. ISSN   1473-6519. PMID   25010543. S2CID   10190846.
  25. ↑ Josephson, J. (2002). "The Slow Poisoning of Bangladesh". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (11): A690-691. doi:10.1289/ehp.110-a690b. ISSN   1552-9924. PMC   1241101 . PMID   12596705.
  26. 1 2 Ingram, J. (9 February 1997). "An Epic tragedy may unfold". The Toronto Star. p. F8.
  27. 1 2 "Secret Killer". Discovery Canada. 1998.
  28. 1 2 Frisbie, S.H.; Maynard, D.M.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2002). "The concentrations of Arsenic and other Toxic Elements in Bangladesh's Drinking Water". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (11): 1147–1153. Bibcode:2002EnvHP.110.1147F. doi:10.1289/ehp.021101147. ISSN   1552-9924. PMC   1241072 . PMID   12417487.
  29. 1 2 Bacquart, Thomas; Bradshaw, Kelly; Frisbie, Seth; Mitchell, Erika; Springston, George; Defelice, Jeffrey; Dustin, Hannah; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2012). "A survey of arsenic manganese, boron, thorium, and other toxic metals in the ground water of West Bengal, India neighbourhood". Metallomics. 4 (7): 653–659. doi: 10.1039/c2mt20020a . ISSN   1756-591X. PMID   22491819.
  30. 1 2 Bacquart, Thomas; Frisbie, Seth; Mitchell, Erika; Grigg, Laurie; Cole, Christopher; Small, Colleen; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2015). "Multiple inorganic toxic substances contaminating the groundwater of Myingyan Township, Myanmar: Arsenic, manganese, fluoride, iron, and uranium". Science of the Total Environment. 517: 232–245. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.517..232B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.038. ISSN   1879-1026. PMID   25748724.
  31. 1 2 Sarkar, Bibudhendra; Mitchell, Erika; Frisbie, Seth; Grigg, Laurie; Adhikari, Sagar; Byanju, Rejina Maskey (2022). "Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2022: 3895859. doi: 10.1155/2022/3895859 . PMC   8858048 . PMID   35190745.
  32. 1 2 Frisbie, Seth; Mitchell, Erika; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2015). "The urgent need to reevaluate the latest World Health Organization guidelines for toxic inorganic substances in drinking water". Environmental Health. 14 (1): 63. Bibcode:2015EnvHe..14...63F. doi: 10.1186/s12940-015-0050-7 . ISSN   1476-069X. PMC   4535738 . PMID   26268322.
  33. 1 2 Mitchell, Erika; Frisbie, Seth; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2011). "Exposure to multiple metals from groundwater – A global crisis: geology, climate change, health effects, testing, and mitigation". Metallomics. 3 (9): 874–908. doi: 10.1039/c1mt00052g . ISSN   1756-591X. PMID   21766119.
  34. 1 2 Williams, D.R. (1972). "International coordination chemistry". Chemistry in Britain. 8: 372. ISSN   0009-3106.
  35. 1 2 Österberg, Ragner, ed. (1983). Inorganic Biochemistry : proceedings of the fifty-sixth Nobel Symposium held at Alfred Nobel's Bjorkborn, Karlskoga and Göteborg, Sweden, September 5-10, 1982. Göteborg: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
  36. 1 2 Sarkar, Bibudhendra, ed. (1983). Biological Aspects of Metals and Metal-Related Diseases. New York: Raven Press.
  37. 1 2 Sarkar, Bibudhendra, ed. (1995). Metals and Genetics. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
  38. 1 2 Sarkar, Bibudhendra, ed. (1999). Genetic Response to Metals. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  39. 1 2 Sarkar, Bibudhendra, ed. (2002). Heavy Metals in the Environment. New York: Marcel Dekker.
  40. 1 2 "Editorial and advisory board profiles". Metallomics. 1: 17–24. 2009. doi: 10.1039/b821071n . ISSN   1756-591X.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Ahmed, Syed A.K. Shifat; Aman, Nowrin; Deka, Kamalika Bhandari (17 May 2023). "Opening a time-capsule of Menkes disease with Dr. Bibudhendra Sarkar". The MedGen Project. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  42. ↑ Tümer, Z.; Horn, N.; Tønnesen, T.; Christodolou, J.; Clarke, J.T.R.; Sarkar, B. (1996). "Early copper-histidine treatment for Menkes Disease". Nature Genetics. 12 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1038/ng0196-11. ISSN   1061-4036. PMID   8528242. S2CID   44395272.
  43. ↑ Christodoulou, J.; Danks, D.M.; Sarkar, B.; Baerlocher, K.E.; Casey, R.; Horn, N.; Tümer, Z.; Clarke, J.T.R. (1998). "Early treatment of Menkes Disease with parenteral copper-histidine: long-term follow-up of four treated patients". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 76 (2): 154–164. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980305)76:2<154::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-T. ISSN   1552-4833. PMID   9511979.
  44. ↑ Gautam-Basak, M.; Gallelli, J.F.; Sarkar, B. (1993). "Formulation of copper-histidine for the treatment of Menkes Disease, a genetic disorder of copper transport". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 51 (1–2): 415. doi:10.1016/0162-0134(93)85444-D. ISSN   0162-0134.
  45. ↑ Kirodian, B.G.; Gogtay, N.J.; Udani, V.P.; Kshirsagar, N.A. (2002). "Treatment of Menkes disease with parenteral copper histidine". Indian Pediatrics. 32 (2): 183–5. ISSN   0019-6061. PMID   11867850.
  46. ↑ Flores-Pulido, A.A.; Jimenez-Perez, V.M.; Garcia-Chong, N.R. (2019). "Synthesis and use of copper histidinate in Children with Menkes disease in Mexico". Gaceta Médica de México. 155 (2): 175–179. doi: 10.24875/GMM.M19000253 . ISSN   2696-1288. S2CID   201186086.
  47. ↑ Deschamps, Patrick; Kulkarni, Prasad P.; Sarkar, Bibudhendra (2004). "X-ray structure of physiological copper(II)- bis (L-histidinate) complex". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (11): 3338–3340. doi:10.1021/ic035413q. ISSN   0020-1669. PMID   15154794.
  48. ↑ Sarkar, Bibudhendra (December 14, 1998). "Letters: Arsenic crisis". Chemical & Engineering News: 8. ISSN   0009-2347.
  49. ↑ Sarkar, Bibudhendra (14 November 1998). "To the editor". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ Rawls, Rebecca (21 October 2002). "Tackling Arsenic in Bangladesh: International team of scientists volunteers its labor to help address major health crisis". Chemical & Engineering News: 42–45. doi:10.1021/cen-v080n042.p042. ISSN   0009-2347.
  51. ↑ Lobinsky, R.; Becker, J.S.; Haraguchi, H.; Sarkar, B. (2010). "Metallomics: Guidelines for terminology and critical evaluation of analytical chemistry approaches (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 82 (2): 493–504. doi: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-03-04 . ISSN   1365-3075. S2CID   97381810.
  52. 1 2 Lawrason, David (31 May 1978). "Students of Indian dancing develop a sense of grace". The Toronto Star. p. A4*.
  53. ↑ "Order of Canada Appointees – June 2024". The Governor General of Canada. 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  54. ↑ "Sarkar Symposium celebrates a stellar 55-year career in science". Hospital for Sick Children. 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
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