Assam Bihu Dhol commonly known as Bihu dhol or Pati Dhol or simply Dhol is a traditional barrel-shaped double-headed drum that serves as the primary percussion instrument in Bihu, the most significant folk festival of Assam, India. [1] It provides the rhythmic foundation for Bihu music and dance and is deeply embedded in Assamese cultural identity. It is widely used in folk dances, rituals, weddings, and religious ceremonies across various ethnic communities of the state. The Bihu Dhol is distinguished by its compact size, loud resonance, and complex rhythmic patterns, setting it apart from similar drums found elsewhere in India.[2]
According to Assamese folklore, the dhol originated in Mount Kailash and was brought to the mortal world by Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers of the Mahabharata. Although drums are common in folk cultures worldwide, the Assamese dhol is considered unique for its sonic power, symbolic associations, and ceremonial centrality.
Historically, the ability to play the dhol was regarded as a symbol of masculinity and vitality among Assamese youth. The instrument is also traditionally associated with fertility, life force, and communal harmony.
Description
The Bihu dhol is typically made from a hollowed wooden shell (called the dima or khola) and covered on both ends with animal hide membranes (usually goat or parchment skin). One side (the kobani) produces higher resonant tones when struck with a bamboo stick, while the other side (the tali) yields deeper bass when struck by hand.[3]
The body is most commonly carved from durable woods such as Jackfruit (Kathal) or sham wood, with leather rings and straps securing the drumheads. The dhol is worn horizontally with a shoulder strap and played by a dhuliya (drummer) who maintains the rhythmic pulse of the performance.[3]
Assamese Dhol is a traditional Assamese instrument, which is used in cultural festival like Bihu dance and othe cultural activities.
Historical Patronage
The popularity of the dhol in Assamese culture is closely linked to the royal patronage of the Chutia and Ahom dynasties. [3]
During the Chutia period, drum lore (dhol malita) frequently refers to Ratanpur, a cultural centre of the Chutia kingdom. Many compositions invoke Shiva and Parvati, worshipped by the Chutias as Gira-Girashi.
During the Ahom rule, numerous drum compositions mention the Swargadeos, indicating sustained royal support. [3]
Historical records note that royal proclamations and public announcements were traditionally made by beating the dhol. When Ahom officials or da-dangiyas travelled outside the Batsora, dhols were played alongside the dola, using a special rhythm method known as Dolakakhoriya Sew.
Making and Materials
Traditional Bihu dhols are hand-crafted by artisans using:
Wood: The body is carved usually from jackfruit or sham wood for its tonal quality.
Animal skins: Goat or similar hides are stretched over both ends to form the vibrating heads.
Leather components: Leather rings, thongs, and straps secure the drumheads and provide suspension.
Bamboo: Used for sticks (dholar-mari) and tensioning bands.
The entire process, from carving to assembly and tuning, is conducted by craftsmen who specialize in traditional Assamese instrument making. [3]
Cultural Significance
The Bihu dhol occupies a central place in Assamese folk tradition. It is indispensable in Bohag Bihu, where the vigorous beats of the dhol guide dancers and singers in Bihu geet (songs) and Bihu dance (naach). It plays a central role in:[4]
The Dhuliya (dhol player) carries the primary responsibility in Bihu and Husori performances. Throughout the entire performance, the dhol alone provides continuous rhythm, while other instruments—such as the pepa, gagana, taal (cymbals), toka, and xutuli—are used intermittently.[5]
In performance contexts, especially Dhuliya Bhaona (drum-accompanied theatrical performances), the dhuliya not only keeps rhythm but also interacts dynamically with dancers and singers, enhancing the energetic atmosphere of Bihu festivities.[6] The dhol is closely associated with celebration, fertility, community unity, and seasonal renewal. The dhol is considered an auspicious instrument in Assamese society and is traditionally played during Traditional Assamese Weddings.
Two Dhuliya (Bihu dhol player) with Dhol
Performance
During Bihu, the dhol is played continuously throughout the music and dance, unlike other instruments such as the pepa, gogona, or taal which are used more melodically or decoratively. The dhuliya often alternates rhythms to match the tempo of dancers in Bihu naach and participates in folk theatrical forms like Dhuliya where music and narrative combine.
Geographical Indication
In 2024, the Assam Bihu Dhol was officially awarded a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India, recognizing its unique cultural heritage, traditional craftsmanship, and regional specificity.[7]
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