Blood type (non-human)

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Animal erythrocytes have cell surface antigens that undergo polymorphism and give rise to blood types. Antigens from the human ABO blood group system are also found in apes and Old World monkeys, and the types trace back to the origin of humanoids. [1] Other animal blood sometimes agglutinates (to varying levels of intensity) with human blood group reagents, but the structure of the blood group antigens in animals is not always identical to those typically found in humans. The classification of most animal blood groups therefore uses different blood typing systems to those used for classification of human blood.

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Simian blood groups

Two categories of blood groups, human-type and simian-type, have been found in apes and monkeys, and they can be tested by methods established for grouping human blood. Data is available on blood groups of common chimpanzees, baboons, and macaques.

Rh blood group

The Rh system is named after the rhesus monkey, following experiments by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, which showed that rabbits, when immunised with rhesus monkey red cells, produce an antibody that also agglutinates the red blood cells of many humans.

Chimpanzee and Old World monkey blood group systems

Two complex chimpanzee blood group systems, V-A-B-D and R-C-E-F systems, proved to be counterparts of the human MNS and Rh blood group systems, respectively. Two blood group systems have been defined in Old World monkeys: the Drh system of macaques and the Bp system of baboons, both linked by at least one species shared by either of the blood group systems. [2]

Canine blood groups

Over 13 canine blood groups have been described. Eight DEA (dog erythrocyte antigen) types are recognized as international standards. [3] [4] [5] Of these DEA types, DEA 4 and DEA 6 appear on the red blood cells of ~98% of dogs. Dogs with only DEA 4 or DEA 6 can thus serve as blood donors for the majority of the canine population. Any of these DEA types may stimulate an immune response in a recipient of a blood transfusion, but reactions to DEA 1.1+ are the most severe.

Dogs that are DEA 1.1 positive (33 to 45% of the population) are universal recipients - that is, they can receive blood of any type without expectation of a life-threatening hemolytic transfusion reaction. Dogs that are DEA 1.1 negative are universal donors. Blood from DEA 1.1 positive dogs should never be transfused into DEA 1.1 negative dogs. If it is the dog's first transfusion the red cells transfused will have a shortened life due to the formation of alloantibodies to the cells themselves and the animal will forever be sensitized to DEA 1.1 positive blood. If it is a second such transfusion, life-threatening conditions will follow within hours. In addition, these alloantibodies will be present in a female dog's milk (colostrum) and adversely affect the health of DEA 1.1 negative puppies. [6]

Other than DEA blood types, Dal is another blood type commonly known in dogs.

Feline blood groups

A majority of feline blood types are covered by the AB blood group, which designates cats as A, B, or AB. This type is determined by the CMAH alleles a cat possess. The majority A allele seems to be dominant over the recessive B type, which is found with a higher frequency in some countries other than the United States. An "AB" type seems to be expressed by a third recessive allele. [7] [8] [9] In a study conducted in England, 87.1% of non-pedigree cats were type A, while only 54.6% of pedigree cats were type A. [10] Type A and B cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to the opposite blood type, although the reaction of Type B cats to Type A blood is more severe than vice versa. Based on this, all cats should have a simple blood typing test done to determine their blood type prior to a transfusion or breeding to avoid haemolytic disease or neonatal isoerythrolysis.

An additional blood group system is Mik (+/-). It is only identified in 2007, with no specific gene mapped yet, [11] but the prevalence of Mik- appears high enough for concern. [12]

Equine blood groups

Horses have eight blood groups, of which seven, A, C, D, K, P, Q, and U, are internationally recognized, while the eighth, T, is primarily used in research. [13] Each blood group has at least two allelic factors (for example, the A blood group has a, b, c, d, e, f, and g), which can be combined in all combinations (Aa, Afg, Abedg, etc.),[ dubious – discuss ] to make many different alleles. This means that horses can have around 400,000 allelic combinations, allowing blood testing to be used as an accurate method of identifying a horse or determining parentage. Unlike humans, horses do not naturally produce antibodies against red blood cell antigens that they do not possess; this only occurs if they are somehow exposed to a different blood type, such as through blood transfusion or transplacental hemorrhage during parturition. [14]

Breeding a mare to a stallion with a different blood type, usually Aa or Qa blood, risks neonatal isoerythrolysis if the foal inherits the blood type of the stallion. Group C is also of some degree of concern. [15] This can also occur if a mare is bred to a jack, due to a "donkey factor". This immune-mediated disease is life-threatening and often requires transfusion.

Ideally, cross-matching should be performed prior to transfusion, or a universal donor may be used. The ideal universal whole blood donor is a non-thoroughbred gelding that is Aa, Ca, and Qa negative. If this is not available, a gelding, preferably of the same breed as the patient, may be used as a donor, and cross-matching may be crudely accessed by mixing donor serum with patient blood. If the mixture agglutinates, the donor blood contains antibodies against the blood of the patient, and should not be used.

Bovine blood groups

The polymorphic systems in cattle include the A, B, C, F, J, L, M, S, and Z polymorphisms. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood type</span> Classification of blood based on antibodies and antigens on red blood cell surfaces

A blood type is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele and collectively form a blood group system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ABO blood group system</span> Classification of blood types

The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. For human blood transfusions, it is the most important of the 44 different blood type classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of December 2022. A mismatch in this, or any other serotype, can cause a potentially fatal adverse reaction after a transfusion, or an unwanted immune response to an organ transplant. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses.

<i>Carnivore protoparvovirus 1</i> Species of parvovirus

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is a species of parvovirus that infects carnivorans. It causes a highly contagious disease in both dogs and cats separately. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: FPV containing the classical feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), and CPV-2 containing the canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) which appeared in the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine parvovirus</span> Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs

Canine parvovirus is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases. Treatment often involves veterinary hospitalization. Canine parvovirus often infects other mammals including foxes, wolves, cats, and skunks. Felines (cats) are also susceptible to panleukopenia, a different strain of parvovirus.

The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; 44 human systems are identified as of December 2022.

The Kell antigen system is a human blood group system, that is, a group of antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of blood type and are targets for autoimmune or alloimmune diseases which destroy red blood cells. The Kell antigens are K, k, Kpa, Kpb, Jsa and Jsb. The Kell antigens are peptides found within the Kell protein, a 93-kilodalton transmembrane zinc-dependent endopeptidase which is responsible for cleaving endothelin-3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colton antigen system</span> Blood antigen system

The Colton antigen system (Co) is present on the membranes of red blood cells and in the tubules of the kidney and helps determine a person's blood type. The Co antigen is found on a protein called aquaporin-1 which is responsible for water homeostasis and urine concentration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rh blood group system</span> Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens

The Rh blood group system is a human blood group system. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the ABO blood group system, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group antigens in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a positive (+) or negative (−) suffix after the ABO type. The terms Rh factor, Rh positive, and Rh negative refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in hemolytic transfusion reactions and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh antigens confer significant risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn

The Yt antigen system is present on the membrane of red blood cells and helps determine a person's blood type. The antigens are found on the protein acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which helps break down acetylcholine. The Yt system features two alleles, Yt(a) and Yt(b). Antibodies against the Yt system can lead to transfusion reactions such as hemolytic anemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutheran antigen system</span> Human blood group system

The Lutheran antigen systems is a classification of human blood based on the presence of substances called Lutheran antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. There are 19 known Lutheran antigens. The name Lutheran stems from a blood donor's misspelled last name, reportedly named Lutteran or Luteran. All of these antigens arise from variations in a gene called BCAM. The system is based on the expression of two codominant alleles, designated Lua and Lub. The antigens Aua and Aub, known as the Auberger antigens, were once thought to make up a separate blood group but were later shown to be Lutheran antigens arising from variations in the BCAM gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ii antigen system</span> Human blood group system

The Ii antigen system is a human blood group system based upon a gene on chromosome 6 and consisting of the I antigen and the i antigen. The I antigen is normally present on the cell membrane of red blood cells in all adults, while the i antigen is present in fetuses and newborns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neonatal isoerythrolysis</span> Blood disorder in newborn kittens and foals

Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI), also known as hemolytic icterus or hemolytic anemia, is a disease most commonly seen in kittens and foals, but has also been reported in puppies. It occurs when the mother has antibodies against the blood type of the newborn.

Isoantibodies, formerly called alloantibodies, are antibodies produced by an individual against isoantigens produced by members of the same species. In the case of the species Homo sapiens, for example, there are a significant number of antigens that are different in every individual. When antigens from another individual are introduced into another's body, these isoantibodies immediately bind to and destroy them.

This page is currently under construction.

Cis AB is a type of rare mutation in the ABO gene. It happens when the transferase allele contains a mix of amino acids from either A or B alleles, producing a bifunctional enzyme that can produce both types of antigens, usually with one weaker than the other. This results in a serum test result much like the standard, separate (trans) AB phenotype, although the weaker antigen can occasionally fail to be detected. It complicates the basic inheritance pattern and blood-transfusion compatibility matching for ABO blood typing.

The Junior blood group system is a human blood group defined by the presence or absence of the Jr(a) antigen, a high-frequency antigen that is found on the red blood cells of most individuals. People with the rare Jr(a) negative blood type can develop anti-Jr(a) antibodies, which may cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn on subsequent exposures. Jr(a) negative blood is most common in people of Japanese heritage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood compatibility testing</span> Testing to identify incompatibilities between blood types

Blood compatibility testing is conducted in a medical laboratory to identify potential incompatibilities between blood group systems in blood transfusion. It is also used to diagnose and prevent some complications of pregnancy that can occur when the baby has a different blood group from the mother. Blood compatibility testing includes blood typing, which detects the antigens on red blood cells that determine a person's blood type; testing for unexpected antibodies against blood group antigens ; and, in the case of blood transfusions, mixing the recipient's plasma with the donor's red blood cells to detect incompatibilities (crossmatching). Routine blood typing involves determining the ABO and RhD type, and involves both identification of ABO antigens on red blood cells and identification of ABO antibodies in the plasma. Other blood group antigens may be tested for in specific clinical situations.

The Lan blood group system is a human blood group defined by the presence or absence of the Lan antigen on a person's red blood cells. More than 99.9% of people are positive for the Lan antigen. Individuals with the rare Lan-negative blood type, which is a recessive trait, can produce an anti-Lan antibody when exposed to Lan-positive blood. Anti-Lan antibodies may cause transfusion reactions on subsequent exposures to Lan-positive blood, and have also been implicated in mild cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn. However, the clinical significance of the antibody is variable. The antigen was first described in 1961, and Lan was officially designated a blood group in 2012.

The Sid blood group system is a human blood group defined by the presence or absence of the Sd(a) antigen on a person's red blood cells. About 96% of people are positive for the Sd(a) antigen, which is inherited as a dominant trait. Among Sd(a) positive individuals, the expression of the antigen ranges from extremely weak to extremely strong. Very strong expression of the antigen is referred to as a Sd(a++) phenotype. In addition to being expressed on red blood cells, Sd(a) is secreted in bodily fluids such as saliva and breast milk, and is found in the highest concentrations in urine. Urine testing is considered the most reliable method for determining a person's Sid blood type.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monocyte monolayer assay</span> Laboratory test for clinically significant alloantibodies

The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is used to determine the clinical significance of alloantibodies produced by blood transfusion recipients. The assay is used to assess the potential for intravascular hemolysis when incompatible cellular blood products are transfused to the anemic patient. When donor cells possess substances that are not produced by the recipient, the recipient's immune system produces antibodies against the substance; these are called alloantibodies. Specific white blood cells, called monocytes, are tasked with ingesting foreign material and become activated during certain inflammatory events. These activated monocytes come in contact with antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBC) and may or may not exhibit phagocytosis (ingestion) and destroy the donor red blood cells. If monocytes destroy the RBC, the antibody attached to those RBC is considered clinically significant.

References

  1. ↑ Segurel, L.; Thompson, E. E.; Flutre, T.; Lovstad, J.; Venkat, A.; Margulis, S. W.; Moyse, J.; Ross, S.; Gamble, K.; Sella, G.; Ober, C.; Przeworski, M. (22 October 2012). "The ABO blood group is a trans-species polymorphism in primates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (45): 18493–18498. arXiv: 1208.4613 . Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918493S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210603109 . PMC   3494955 . PMID   23091028.
  2. ↑ Socha WW (August 1980). "Blood groups of apes and monkeys: current status and practical applications". Lab. Anim. Sci. 30 (4 Pt 1): 698–702. PMID   6775134.
  3. ↑ Symons M, Bell K (1991). "Expansion of the canine A blood group system". Anim. Genet. 22 (3): 227–35. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1991.tb00672.x. PMID   1928828.
  4. ↑ Symons M, Bell K (1992). "Canine blood groups: description of 20 specificities". Anim. Genet. 23 (6): 509–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00169.x. PMID   1492701.
  5. ↑ Andrews GA, Chavey PS, Smith JE (November 1992). "Reactivity of lichen lectins with blood typed canine erythrocytes". Res. Vet. Sci. 53 (3): 315–9. doi:10.1016/0034-5288(92)90132-L. PMID   1465504.
  6. ↑ "Canine Blood Typing". (DMS) Laboratories, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
  7. ↑ Bighignoli B, Niini T, Grahn RA, Pedersen NC, Millon LV, Polli M, et al. (June 2007). "Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) mutations associated with the domestic cat AB blood group". BMC Genetics. 8: 27. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-27 . PMC   1913925 . PMID   17553163.
  8. ↑ Giger U, Kilrain CG, Filippich LJ, Bell K (November 1989). "Frequencies of feline blood groups in the United States". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195 (9): 1230–2. PMID   2584120.
  9. ↑ Malik R, Griffin DL, White JD, Rozmanec M, Tisdall PL, Foster SF, Bell K, Nicholas FW (2005). "The prevalence of feline A/B blood types in the Sydney region". Aust. Vet. J. 83 (1–2): 38–44. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12190.x. PMID   15971816.
  10. ↑ Knottenbelt, CM (March 1999). "Determination of the prevalence of feline blood types in the UK". J Small Anim Pract. 40 (3): 115–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03051.x . PMID   10200921.
  11. ↑ Mellor, N (30 August 1980). "Addiction to Distalgesic (dextropropoxyphene)". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 617. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.617. PMC   1713889 . PMID   7427390.
  12. ↑ McClosky, Megan E.; Cimino Brown, Dorothy; Weinstein, Nicole M.; Chappini, Nicole; Taney, Michael T.; Marryott, Kimberly; Callan, Mary Beth (November 2018). "Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 32 (6): 1934–1942. doi:10.1111/jvim.15334. PMC   6271279 . PMID   30307648.
  13. ↑ Jackson, Karen V. (2021). "Immunohematology and hemostasis". In Walton, Raquel M.; Cowell, Rick L.; Valenciano, Amy C. (eds.). Equine Hematology, Cytology, and Clinical Chemistry (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 41–43. ISBN   9781119500223.
  14. ↑ MacLeay, JM (March 2001). "Neonatal isoerythrolysis". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 21 (3): 106–109. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(01)70105-0.
  15. ↑ "Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions in Horses - Horse Owners". MSD Veterinary Manual.
  16. ↑ Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Blood Types

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