Colostrum

Last updated
On the left is breast milk of the human expressed on day 4 of lactation, and on the right is breast milk expressed on day 8. Colostrum gives the milk a yellowish hue Colostrum vs breastmilk.jpg
On the left is breast milk of the human expressed on day 4 of lactation, and on the right is breast milk expressed on day 8. Colostrum gives the milk a yellowish hue
Bovine colostrum (beestings) next to spray-dried colostrum powder Bovine colostrum and spray-dried colostrum powder.jpg
Bovine colostrum (beestings) next to spray-dried colostrum powder

Colostrum (from Latin, of unknown origin) is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn. [1] It may be called beestings, the traditional word from Old English dialects, when referring to the first milk of a cow or other animals. [2] Most species will begin to generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum has an especially high amount of bioactive compounds compared to mature milk to give the newborn the best possible start to life. Specifically, colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease and infection, and immune and growth factors and other bioactives that help to activate a newborn's immune system, jumpstart gut function, and seed a healthy gut microbiome in the first few days of life. The bioactives found in colostrum are essential for a newborn's health, growth and vitality. [1] Colostrum strengthens a baby's immune system and is filled with white blood cells to protect it from infection.

Contents

At birth, the environment of the newborn mammal shifts from the sterile conditions of the mother's uterus, with a constant nutrient supply via the placenta, to the microbe-rich environment outside, with irregular oral intake of complex milk nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract. [3] This transition puts high demands on the gastrointestinal tract of the neonate, as the gut plays an important part in both the digestive system and the immune system. [4] Colostrum has evolved to care for highly sensitive mammalian neonates and contributes significantly to initial immunological defense as well as to the growth, development, and maturation of the neonate's gastrointestinal tract by providing key nutrients and bioactive factors. Bovine colostrum powder is rich in protein and low in sugar and fat. [5] [6] Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of conditions in humans, and can boost a neonate's immunity. [7]

Colostrum also has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of a baby's first stool, which is called meconium. [8] This clears excess bilirubin, a waste-product of dead red blood cells which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction[ citation needed ] from the infant's body, and which is often responsible for jaundice.

Bioactive components in colostrum

Newborns have very immature and small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its bioactives in a very concentrated low-volume form. Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as lymphocytes) [9] [10] and many antibodies such as IgA, IgG, and IgM. These are some of the components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin, [11] lysozyme, [12] lactoperoxidase, [13] complement, [14] and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP). [15] A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well, [16] including interleukins, [16] tumor necrosis factor, [17] chemokines, [18] and others.

Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1), [19] and II, [20] transforming growth factors alpha, [21] beta 1 and beta 2, [22] [23] fibroblast growth factors, [24] epidermal growth factor, [25] granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor, [26] platelet-derived growth factor, [26] vascular endothelial growth factor, [27] and colony-stimulating factor-1. [28]

Human colostrum

Colostrum, which is produced for the first two to four days after childbirth, enhances immunity [29] [30] and is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. [31] It is suggested infants fed with human colostrum have lower incidence of gastrointestinal infections. [32] In addition, colostrum also has a laxative effect, encouraging the baby's body to excrete stool, which helps eliminate excess bilirubin. [33] [34] [35] This helps prevent jaundice and allergies in babies. [36]

Human consumption of bovine colostrum

While it has long been understood that the colostrum a mother produces is vital to a newborn's health in the first few days of life, research has shown that bovine (cow) colostrum and its components can continue to support important biological activities when given to more mature children and adults, so that the benefits of colostrum can extend well beyond the neonatal period of development. [37]

Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune and growth factors, and other nutrients. [38] Because they share so many of the same components, the way they work in the body is also highly similar. The benefit of bovine colostrum for human health has been studied in many areas including:

There is also research suggesting that a large proportion of colostrum is not fit for human consumption "due to tremendous bacterial loads". Salmonella was also detected in 15% of unpasteurised samples. [53] Pasteurisation reduces the bioactive proteins many of the benefits rely upon, however. [54]

Colostrum use in animal husbandry

Colostrum is crucial for newborn farm animals. They receive no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth, so any antibodies that they need have to be ingested (unless supplied by injection or other artificial means). The ingested antibodies are absorbed from the intestine of the neonate. [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] The newborn animal must receive colostrum within 6 hours of being born for maximal absorption of colostral antibodies to occur. Recent studies indicate that colostrum should be fed to bovines within the first thirty minutes to maximize IgG absorption rates. [60]

The role of colostrum for newborn animals is to provide nutrition, and essential protection against infection while the immune and digestive systems are developing and maturing. Bovine colostrum provides macro- and micro-nutrients, as well as growth factors, cytokines, nucleosides, oligosaccharides, natural antimicrobials, antioxidants; and a range of immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE. It is well established that minimal levels of IgG are essential to prevent failure of passive transfer. The iron-binding glycoproteins lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, and restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc.

Bovine Colostrum contains bioactive components that support immunity and gut health in animals. Its rich bioactive components fight bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Early, high-quality colostrum is crucial for survival and healthy development. It repairs intestinal damage, improves nutrient absorption, and benefits human and animal babies alike. In calves, colostrum helps develop their gut and prevents death. It reduces infections, antibiotic use, and diarrhea, leading to faster growth and higher profits for farmers.

Colostrum use in companion animals

Much like in humans and production animals, companion animal survival in the newborn stage of life is largely dependent upon colostrum. Companion animal immune systems require several weeks to several months in order to fully develop. Maternal antibodies provide benefit for a relatively short period of time so a gap exists with immune sufficiency where an animal is at risk of infection. Like humans, companion animal immune response changes with age where early life and later in life have similarities. That is, an immune bias whereby the animal has less of an ability to fend off infections and greater prevalence of allergy at both ends of the age spectrum. Stress also affects a companion animal's immune system including changes in environment, diet, etc. Maintaining gut microbial balance is key to maintaining a healthy immune system as well as mucosal integrity, similar to humans. Bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to benefit companion animal immunity and digestive health.

Bovine colostrum plays a role in increasing Ig levels, increasing lymphocyte proliferation stimulating activity and increasing phagocytosis activity. These are supported by other components of colostrum which further enhance the activity of the immune response. The iron binding glycoproteins lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc. Colostrum contains glycomacropeptides which help to regulate appetite. Studies [61] suggest that bovine colostrum may enhance animal immunity, improve gut health, and lower the risk of illness.

Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications

Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Colostrum cakes.JPG
Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem, Tamil Nadu.
Molozyvo--a traditional dish of Ukrainian cuisine. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum. Molozyvo.jpg
Molozyvo—a traditional dish of Ukrainian cuisine. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum.

Dairy cattle are naturally exposed to pathogens and produce immunoglobulins against them. These antibodies are present in the cow's bloodstream and in the colostrum. These immunoglobulins are specific to many human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus species, [62] and rotavirus (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight bacteria. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum. [63] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum. [64]

Although bovine colostrum has been consumed by humans for centuries, [65] only in recent decades have we seen an increase in randomized clinical trials to support assertions of health benefits. It is probable that little absorption of intact growth factors and antibodies into the bloodstream occurs, due to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the presence of casein and other buffering proteins does allow growth factors and other bioactive molecules to pass into the lumen of the small intestine intact, where they can stimulate repair and inhibit microbes, working via local effects. [66] This provides a probable mechanism explaining reductions in gut permeability after colostrum administration in some published studies, [67] [68] [69] while another study found colostrum promising as treatment for distal colitis. [70] Evidence for the beneficial effect of colostrum on extra-gastrointestinal problems is less well developed, due in part to the limited number of randomised double-blind studies published, although a variety of possible uses have been suggested. [71] [72] [73]

The gut plays several important roles including acting as the main pathway for fluid, electrolyte and nutrient absorption while also acting as a barrier to toxic agents present in the gut lumen including acid, digestive enzymes and gut bacteria. It is also a major immunological defence mechanism, detecting natural commensals and triggering immune response when toxic microbes are present. Failure of homeostasis due to trauma, drugs and infectious microbes not only damages the gut but can lead to influx of damaging agents into the bloodstream. These mechanisms have relevance for multiple conditions affecting all areas of the world and socioeconomic groups such as ulcers, inflammation, and infectious diarrhea. [74] There is currently much interest in the potential value of colostrum for the prevention and treatment of these conditions as it is derived from natural sources and can influence damaging factors through multiple pathways including nutritional support, immunological intervention (through its immunoglobulin and other anti-microbial factors) and growth/healing factor constituents. [75] As pointed out by Kelly, inconsistency between results in some published studies may be due in part to variation in dose given and to the timing of the colostrum collection being tested (first milking versus pooled colostrum collected up to day 5 following calving). [76]

Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance, [77] decrease recovery time, [49] and prevent sickness during peak performance levels. [78] [79] Supplementation with bovine colostrum, 20 grams per day (g/d), in combination with exercise training for eight weeks may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women. [77] [80]

Low IGF-1 levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established. [81] Malnutrition can cause low levels of IGF-1, [82] as can obesity. [83] Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.[ citation needed ] Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, some studies suggest it stimulates the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement [84] whereas others do not. [51]

Colostrum also has antioxidant components, such as lactoferrin [85] and hemopexin, which binds free heme in the body. [86]

The Isle of Man had a local delicacy called "Groosniuys", a pudding made with colostrum. [87] In Finland, a baked cheese called Leipäjuusto is traditionally made with either cow colostrum or reindeer milk.

A sweet cheese-like delicacy called 'Junnu' or 'Ginna' is made with colostrum in the south Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is made with both cow and buffalo milk; in both cases milk produced on the second day after birth is considered ideal for preparing this pudding-like delicacy. Colostrum is in very high demand in these states, resulting in product adulteration. [88]

Hyperimmune colostrum

Hyperimmune colostrum is natural bovine colostrum collected from a population of cows immunized repeatedly with a specific pathogen. The colostrum is collected within 24 hours of the cow giving birth. Antibodies towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the immunization are present in higher levels than in the population before treatment. Although some papers have been published stating that specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version. [62] Clinical trials [89] have shown that if the immunization is by surface antigens of the bacteria, the Bovine Colostrum Powder [90] can be used to make tablets capable of binding to the bacteria so that they are excreted in stools. This prevents the successful colonization of the gut, which would otherwise lead to bacteria releasing enterotoxigenic materials.

Proline-rich polypeptides

These small immune signaling peptides (PRPs) were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States, [91] Czechoslovakia and Poland. [92] Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including Colostrinin, CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized. [93] At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRPs simply stimulate cell-mediated immunity. [94]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody</span> Protein(s) forming a major part of an organisms immune system

An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen with diverse chemical compositions from molecules. Each antibody recognizes one or more specific antigens. Antigen literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope that specifically binds to one particular epitope on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kitten</span> Juvenile cat

A kitten is a juvenile cat. After being born, kittens display primary altriciality and are fully dependent on their mothers for survival. They normally do not open their eyes for seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens develop quickly and begin to explore the world outside their nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow baby teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and usually enjoy human companionship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immunoglobulin G</span> Antibody isotype

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG antibody has two paratopes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immunoglobulin A</span> Antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes

Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a role in the immune function of mucous membranes. The amount of IgA produced in association with mucosal membranes is greater than all other types of antibody combined. In absolute terms, between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day. This represents up to 15% of total immunoglobulins produced throughout the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovine somatotropin</span> Peptide hormone produced by cows pituitary glands

Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin, or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary glands. Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes. Scientists created a bacterium that produces the hormone somatotropin which is produced by the cow's body after giving birth and increases milk production by around 10 percent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breast milk</span> Milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of a female human

Breast milk or mother's milk is milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of female humans. Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborn infants, comprising fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and a varying composition of minerals and vitamins. Breast milk also contains substances that help protect an infant against infection and inflammation, such as symbiotic bacteria and other microorganisms and immunoglobulin A, whilst also contributing to the healthy development of the infant's immune system and gut microbiome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transfer factor</span> Molecules involved in immune response

Transfer factors are essentially small immune messenger molecules that are produced by all higher organisms. Transfer factors were originally described as immune molecules that are derived from blood or spleen cells that cause antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, primarily delayed hypersensitivity and the production of lymphokines, as well as binding to the antigens themselves. They have a molecular weight of approximately 5000 daltons and are composed entirely of amino acids. Transfer factors were discovered by Henry Sherwood Lawrence in 1954.

Microfold cells are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunity responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial cell layer from the gut lumen to the lamina propria where interactions with immune cells can take place.

In immunology, passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies, such as in immunoglobulin therapy or antiserum therapy. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunization can be provided when people cannot synthesize antibodies, and when they have been exposed to a disease that they do not have immunity against.

The neonatal fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGRT gene. It is an IgG Fc receptor which is similar in structure to the MHC class I molecule and also associates with beta-2-microglobulin. In rodents, FcRn was originally identified as the receptor that transports maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mother to neonatal offspring via mother's milk, leading to its name as the neonatal Fc receptor. In humans, FcRn is present in the placenta where it transports mother's IgG to the growing fetus. FcRn has also been shown to play a role in regulating IgG and serum albumin turnover. Neonatal Fc receptor expression is up-regulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF, and down-regulated by IFN-γ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galactooligosaccharide</span> Class of prebiotics

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), also known as oligogalactosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligolactose or transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS), belong to the group of prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. GOS occurs in commercially available products such as food for both infants and adults.

Infant feeding is the practice of feeding infants. Breast milk provides the best nutrition when compared to infant formula. Infants are usually introduced to solid foods at around four to six months of age.

Late preterm infants are infants born at a gestational age between 34+0⁄7 weeks and 36+6⁄7 weeks. They have higher morbidity and mortality rates than term infants due to their relative physiologic and metabolic immaturity, even though they are often the size and weight of some term infants. "Late preterm" has replaced "near term" to describe this group of infants, since near term incorrectly implies that these infants are "almost term" and only require routine neonatal care.

Serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI) is a medical food product derived from bovine serum obtained from adult cows in the United States. It is sold under the name EnteraGam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milk fat globule membrane</span>

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex and unique structure composed primarily of lipids and proteins that surrounds milk fat globule secreted from the milk producing cells of humans and other mammals. It is a source of multiple bioactive compounds, including phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that have important functional roles within the brain and gut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human milk microbiome</span> Community of microorganisms in human milk

The human milk microbiota, also known as human milk probiotics (HMP), encompasses the microbiota–the community of microorganisms–present within the human mammary glands and breast milk. Contrary to the traditional belief that human breast milk is sterile, advancements in both microbial culture and culture-independent methods have confirmed that human milk harbors diverse communities of bacteria. These communities are distinct in composition from other microbial populations found within the human body which constitute the human microbiome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human milk immunity</span> Protection provided to immune system via human milk

Human milk immunity is the protection provided to the immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in human milk. Human milk was previously thought to only provide passive immunity primarily through Secretory IgA, but advances in technology have led to the identification of various immune-modulating components. Human milk constituents provide nutrition and protect the immunologically naive infant as well as regulate the infant's own immune development and growth.

Milk immunity is the protection provided to immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in milk, typically provided by the infant's mother.

Breastmilk medicine refers to the non-nutritional usage of human breast milk (HBM) as a medicine or therapy to cure diseases. Breastmilk is perceived as an important food that provides essential nutrition to infants. It also provides protection in terms of immunity by direct transfer of antibodies from mothers to infants. The immunity developed via this mean protects infants from diseases such as respiratory diseases, middle ear infections, and gastrointestinal diseases. HBM can also produce lifelong positive therapeutic effects on a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity, and asthma.

Breast milk-mediated drug delivery refers to the use of breast milk to transport a pharmaceutical compound, protein, or other treatment to achieve a desired effect. Delivery of these substances via milk provides an oral alternative for transport of a compound to the gut, specifically in infants. Breast milk-mediated drug delivery provides a way for pharmaceuticals and proteins to travel through the gastrointestinal system of an infant while minimizing the potential for irritation within gastrointestinal tissue.

References

  1. 1 2 Ballard, Olivia; Morrow, Ardythe L. (February 2013). "Human Milk Composition". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (1): 49–74. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002. PMC   3586783 . PMID   23178060.
  2. ↑ "Beestings" . Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Sangild, P. T.; Thymann, T.; Schmidt, M.; Stoll, B.; Burrin, D. G.; Buddington, R. K. (1 October 2013). "Invited Review: The preterm pig as a model in pediatric gastroenterology". Journal of Animal Science. 91 (10): 4713–4729. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6359. PMC   3984402 . PMID   23942716.
  4. ↑ Newburg, David S.; Walker, W. Allan (January 2007). "Protection of the Neonate by the Innate Immune System of Developing Gut and of Human Milk". Pediatric Research. 61 (1): 2–8. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000250274.68571.18 . PMID   17211132. S2CID   22878097.
  5. ↑ Stelwagen, K.; Carpenter, E.; Haigh, B.; Hodgkinson, A.; Wheeler, T. T. (1 April 2009). "Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk1". Journal of Animal Science. 87 (suppl_13): 3–9. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1377. PMID   18952725.
  6. ↑ Rathe, Mathias; Müller, Klaus; Sangild, Per Torp; Husby, Steffen (April 2014). "Clinical applications of bovine colostrum therapy: a systematic review". Nutrition Reviews. 72 (4): 237–254. doi: 10.1111/nure.12089 . PMID   24571383.
  7. ↑ Kaplan, Merve; Arslan, Ayşenur; Duman, Hatice (2022). "Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 796824. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796824 . PMC   8762312 . PMID   35046820.
  8. ↑ "Colostrum harvesting" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  9. ↑ "It's Only Natural". 2017-06-09.
  10. ↑ Bertotto, A.; Castellucci, G.; Fabietti, G.; Scalise, F.; Vaccaro, R. (1 November 1990). "Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65 (11): 1274–1275. doi:10.1136/adc.65.11.1274-a. PMC   1792611 . PMID   2147370.
  11. ↑ Groves, M. L. (1960). "The isolation of a red protein from milk". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (13): 3345–3360. doi:10.1021/ja01498a029.
  12. ↑ Paulík S, Slanina L, Polácek M (January 1985). "Lyzozým v kolostre a krvnom sére teliat a dojníc" [Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows]. Veterinární medicína (Praha) (in Slovak). 30 (1): 21–28. PMID   3918380.
  13. ↑ Reiter, Bruno (2008). "The Lactoperoxidase-Thiocyanate-Hydrogen Peroxide Antibacterium System". Ciba Foundation Symposium 65 – Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage. Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp. 285–294. doi:10.1002/9780470715413.ch16. ISBN   978-0-470-71541-3. PMID   225143.
  14. ↑ Brock, J. H.; et al. (1975). "Bactericidal and hemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA)". Annales d'Immunologie. 126C (4): 439–451. PMID   813560.
  15. ↑ Zabłocka A, Janusz M, Rybka K, Wirkus-Romanowska I, Kupryszewski G, Lisowski J (2001). "Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs". European Cytokine Network. 12 (3): 462–7. PMID   11566627.
  16. 1 2 Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, Iwai H (October 2000). "Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 76 (3–4): 183–90. doi:10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00213-0. PMID   11044552.
  17. ↑ Rudloff HE, Schmalstieg FC, Mushtaha AA, Palkowetz KH, Liu SK, Goldman AS (January 1992). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk". Pediatric Research. 31 (1): 29–33. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199201000-00005 . PMID   1375729.
  18. ↑ Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA (November 2003). "ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk". Cytokine. 24 (3): 91–102. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.002. PMID   14581003.
  19. ↑ Xu RJ (1996). "Development of the newborn GI tract and its relation to colostrum/milk intake: a review". Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1071/RD9960035. PMID   8713721.
  20. ↑ O'Dell SD, Day IN (July 1998). "Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology . 30 (7): 767–71. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00048-X. PMID   9722981.
  21. ↑ Okada M, Ohmura E, Kamiya Y, et al. (1991). "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in human milk". Life Sciences. 48 (12): 1151–1156. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90452-H. PMID   2002746.
  22. ↑ Saito S, Yoshida M, Ichijo M, Ishizaka S, Tsujii T (October 1993). "Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human milk". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 94 (1): 220–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb06004.x. PMC   1534356 . PMID   8403511.
  23. ↑ Tokuyama Y, Tokuyama H (February 1993). "Purification and identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum". Journal of Dairy Research. 60 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1017/S0022029900027382. PMID   8436667. S2CID   38562131.
  24. ↑ Hironaka, T.; Ohishi, H.; Masaki, T. (March 1997). "Identification and Partial Purification of a Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor Derived from Bovine Colostrum". Journal of Dairy Science. 80 (3): 488–495. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75961-7 . PMID   9098798.
  25. ↑ Xiao X, Xiong A, Chen X, Mao X, Zhou X (March 2002). "Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas". Chinese Medical Journal. 115 (3): 451–454. PMID   11940387.
  26. 1 2 Playford RJ, Macdonald CE, Johnson WS (July 2000). "Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 (1): 5–14. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.1.5 . PMID   10871554.
  27. ↑ Vuorela P, Andersson S, Carpén O, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmäki E (November 2000). "Unbound vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in breast, human milk, and newborn intestine". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 (5): 1196–201. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1196 . PMID   11063449.
  28. ↑ Flidel-Rimon O, Roth P (November 1997). "Effects of milk-borne colony stimulating factor-1 on circulating growth factor levels in the newborn infant". Journal of Pediatrics. 131 (5): 748–50. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70105-7. PMID   9403658.
  29. ↑ Thapa, B. R. (2005-07-01). "Health factors in colostrum". The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 72 (7): 579–581. doi:10.1007/BF02724182. ISSN   0973-7693. PMID   16077241. S2CID   24277138.
  30. ↑ "The Phases of Breast Milk | WIC Breastfeeding Support". wicbreastfeeding.fns.usda.gov. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  31. ↑ Buescher, E. S.; McIlheran, S. M. (July 1988). "Antioxidant Properties of Human Colostrum". Pediatric Research. 24 (1): 14–19. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198807000-00005 . ISSN   1530-0447. PMID   2842722. S2CID   2334728.
  32. ↑ Goldblum, R. M.; Ahlstedt, S.; Carlsson, B.; Hanson, L. Å; Jodal, U.; Lidin-Janson, G.; Sohl-Åkerlund, A. (October 1975). "Antibody-forming cells in human colostrum after oral immunisation". Nature. 257 (5529): 797–799. Bibcode:1975Natur.257..797G. doi:10.1038/257797a0. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   1102990. S2CID   4148015.
  33. ↑ Bệnh viện An Sinh (2018-12-03). "Những lợi ích của sữa non". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  34. ↑ Tĩnh, Báo Hà (2023-10-30). "Khám phá 4 lợi ích tuyệt vời của sữa non cho trẻ sơ sinh". Báo Hà Tĩnh (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  35. ↑ "Sữa non gerllac" (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  36. ↑ "Sữa non - chìa khóa vàng cho hệ miễn dịch". suckhoedoisong.vn (in Vietnamese). 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  37. ↑ "Bovine Colostrum: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  38. ↑ McGrath, Brian A.; Fox, Patrick F.; McSweeney, Paul L. H.; Kelly, Alan L. (March 2016). "Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review". Dairy Science & Technology. 96 (2): 133–158. doi: 10.1007/s13594-015-0258-x . S2CID   83925224.
  39. ↑ Ulfman, Laurien H.; Leusen, Jeanette H. W.; Savelkoul, Huub F. J.; Warner, John O.; van Neerven, R. J. Joost (22 June 2018). "Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection". Frontiers in Nutrition. 5: 52. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00052 . PMC   6024018 . PMID   29988421.
  40. ↑ Cesarone, Maria Rosaria; Belcaro, Gianni; Di Renzo, Andrea; Dugall, Mark; Cacchio, Marisa; Ruffini, Irma; Pellegrini, Luciano; Del Boccio, Gilberto; Fano, Filiberto; Ledda, Andrea; Bottari, Angelica; Ricci, Andrea; Stuard, Stefano; Vinciguerra, Giulia (April 2007). "Prevention of Influenza Episodes With Colostrum Compared With Vaccination in Healthy and High-Risk Cardiovascular Subjects: The Epidemiologic Study in San Valentino". Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 13 (2): 130–136. doi: 10.1177/1076029606295957 . PMID   17456621. S2CID   22882696.
  41. 1 2 Saad, Khaled; Abo-Elela, Mohamed Gamil M.; El-Baseer, Khaled A. Abd; Ahmed, Ahmed E.; Ahmad, Faisal-Alkhateeb; Tawfeek, Mostafa S. K.; El-Houfey, Amira A.; Aboul_Khair, Mohamed Diab; Abdel-Salam, Ahmad M.; Abo-elgheit, Amir; Qubaisy, Heba; Ali, Ahmed M.; Abdel-Mawgoud, Eman (September 2016). "Effects of bovine colostrum on recurrent respiratory tract infections and diarrhea in children". Medicine. 95 (37): e4560. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004560. PMC   5402550 . PMID   27631207.
  42. ↑ Watson, Ronald Ross; Collier, Robert J.; Preedy, Victor R. (2017). Dairy in Human Health and Disease across the Lifespan. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-809869-1.
  43. ↑ Playford, R (June 2001). "Peptide therapy and the gastroenterologist: colostrum and milk-derived growth factors". Clinical Nutrition. 20: 101–106. doi:10.1054/clnu.2001.0434.
  44. 1 2 Patel, Kamlesh; Rana, Rajiv (July 2006). "Pedimune in recurrent respiratory infection and diarrhoea—The Indian experience—The PRIDE study". The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 73 (7): 585–591. doi: 10.1007/BF02759923 . PMID   16877852. S2CID   26464312.
  45. 1 2 Gopal, Pramod K.; Gill, H. S. (November 2000). "Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum". British Journal of Nutrition. 84 (S1): 69–74. doi: 10.1017/s0007114500002270 . PMID   11242449.
  46. ↑ Mehra, Rahul; Garhwal, Renu; Sangwan, Karnam; Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Lemos, Edite Teixeira; Buttar, Harpal Singh; Visen, Pradeep Kumar Singh; Kumar, Naveen; Bhardwaj, Anuradha; Kumar, Harish (2022-02-04). "Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements". Nutrients. 14 (3): 659. doi: 10.3390/nu14030659 . ISSN   2072-6643. PMC   8840100 . PMID   35277018.
  47. ↑ Barakat, Sana Hosny; Meheissen, Marwa Ahmed; Omar, Omneya Magdy; Elbana, Doaa Ali (5 June 2019). "Bovine Colostrum in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 66 (1): 46–55. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmz029. PMID   31168590.
  48. ↑ Huppertz, Hans-Iko; Rutkowski, Stefan; Busch, Dirk H.; Eisebit, Reinhard; Lissner, Reinhard; Karch, Helge (October 1999). "Bovine Colostrum Ameliorates Diarrhea in Infection with Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli, and E. coli Expressing Intimin and Hemolysin". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 29 (4): 452–456. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199910000-00015 . PMID   10512407.
  49. 1 2 Buckley, J. D.; Abbott, M. J.; Brinkworth, G. D.; Whyte, P. B. D. (June 2002). "Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 5 (2): 65–79. doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80028-7. PMID   12188088.
  50. ↑ Brinkworth, Grant D.; Buckley, Jonathan D.; Slavotinek, John P.; Kurmis, Andrew P. (1 January 2004). "Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 91 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0944-x. PMID   14504943. S2CID   35803322.
  51. 1 2 Duff, Whitney R. D.; Chilibeck, Philip D.; Rooke, Julianne J.; Kaviani, Mojtaba; Krentz, Joel R.; Haines, Deborah M. (June 2014). "The Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Older Adults During Resistance Training". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 24 (3): 276–285. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0182. PMID   24281841.
  52. ↑ Kotsis, Yiannis; Mikellidi, Anastasia; Aresti, Cleopatra; Persia, Eleni; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B.; Antonopoulou, Smaragdi; Nomikos, Tzortzis (April 2018). "A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players". European Journal of Nutrition. 57 (3): 1181–1195. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1401-7. PMC   5861165 . PMID   28285432.
  53. ↑ Houser, B. A. (2008). "A Survey of Bacteriological Quality and the Occurrence of Salmonella in Raw Bovine Colostrum". Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 5 (6): 853–858. doi:10.1089/fpd.2008.0141. PMID   18991543 – via Researchgate.net.
  54. ↑ Dominguez, E.; Perez, M. D.; Calvo, M. (1997). "Effect of heat treatment on the antigen-binding activity of anti-peroxidase immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum". Journal of Dairy Science. 80 (12): 3182–3187. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76290-8 . ISSN   0022-0302. PMID   9436097.
  55. ↑ Balfour, W. E.; Comline, R. S. (1 February 1962). "Acceleration of the absorption of unchanged globulin in the new-born calf by factors in colostrum". The Journal of Physiology. 160 (2): 234–257. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006844. PMC   1359530 . PMID   16992118.
  56. ↑ Bush, L. J.; Staley, T. E. (April 1980). "Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Newborn Calves". Journal of Dairy Science. 63 (4): 672–680. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82989-4 . PMID   6991559.
  57. ↑ Staley, T. E.; Bush, L. J. (January 1985). "Receptor Mechanisms of the Neonatal Intestine and Their Relationship to Immunoglobulin Absorption and Disease". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (1): 184–205. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80812-2 . PMID   3884680.
  58. ↑ Jensen, Annette R.; Elnif, Jan; Burrin, Douglas G.; Sangild, Per T. (1 December 2001). "Development of Intestinal Immunoglobulin Absorption and Enzyme Activities in Neonatal Pigs Is Diet Dependent". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (12): 3259–3265. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.12.3259 . PMID   11739877.
  59. ↑ Sawyer M, Willadsen CH, Osburn BI, McGuire TC (15 December 1977). "Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from ewe to lamb and its influence on neonatal lamb mortality". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 171 (12): 1255–9. PMID   604324.
  60. ↑ Pakkanen R, Aalto J (1997). "Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum". International Dairy Journal. 7 (5): 285–297. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00022-8.
  61. ↑ Duan, Hao; Sun, Qian; Chen, Chao; Wang, Rongchang; Yan, Wenjie (2024-06-25). "A Review: The Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Immunity in People of All Ages". Nutrients. 16 (13): 2007. doi: 10.3390/nu16132007 . ISSN   2072-6643. PMC   11242949 . PMID   38999755.
  62. 1 2 McConnell, Michelle A.; Buchan, Glenn; Borissenko, Michail V.; Brooks, Heather J. L. (2001). "A comparison of IgG and IgG1 activity in an early milk concentrate from non-immunised cows and a milk from hyperimmunised animals". Food Research International. 34 (2–3): 255–261. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00163-0.
  63. ↑ Sabin, A. B. (November 1950). "Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk of human beings and certain cows". A.M.A. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 80 (5): 866–7. PMID   14777169.
  64. ↑ Pallasch, Thomas J. (October 2003). "Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise". Dental Clinics of North America. 47 (4): 665–679. doi:10.1016/s0011-8532(03)00037-5. PMID   14664458.
  65. ↑ Buttar, Harpal S.; Bagwe, Siddhi M.; Bhullar, Sukhwinder K.; Kaur, Ginpreet (2017). "Health Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Children and Adults". Dairy in Human Health and Disease Across the Lifespan. pp. 3–20. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809868-4.00001-7. ISBN   978-0-12-809868-4.
  66. ↑ Playford, R. J.; Woodman, A. C.; Vesey, D.; Deprez, P. H.; Calam, J.; Watanapa, P.; Williamson, R. C. N.; Clark, P. (April 1993). "Effect of luminal growth factor preservation on intestinal growth". The Lancet. 341 (8849): 843–848. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)93057-8. PMID   8096559. S2CID   30904879.
  67. ↑ Davison, Glen; Marchbank, Tania; March, Daniel S.; Thatcher, Rhys; Playford, Raymond J. (August 2016). "Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise–induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 104 (2): 526–536. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.134403 . hdl: 2160/43902 . PMID   27357095.
  68. ↑ Marchbank, Tania; Davison, Glen; Oakes, Jemma R.; Ghatei, Mohammad A.; Patterson, Michael; Moyer, Mary Pat; Playford, Raymond J. (March 2011). "The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 300 (3): G477–G484. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2010. PMID   21148400. S2CID   1829471.
  69. ↑ Playford, Raymond J.; Macdonald, Christopher E.; Calnan, Denis P.; Floyd, David N.; Podas, Theo; Johnson, Wendy; Wicks, Anthony C.; Bashir, O.; Marchbank, Tania (1 June 2001). "Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability". Clinical Science. 100 (6): 627–633. doi:10.1042/cs1000627. PMID   11352778. S2CID   24586050.
  70. ↑ Khan, Z.; Macdonald, C.; Wicks, A. C.; Holt, M. P.; Floyd, D.; Ghosh, S.; Wright, N. A.; Playford, R. J. (November 2002). "Use of the 'nutriceutical', bovine colostrum, for the treatment of distal colitis: results from an initial study". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 16 (11): 1917–1922. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01354.x . PMID   12390100. S2CID   30564496.
  71. ↑ Uruakpa, F.; Ismond, M. A. H.; Akobundu, E. N. T. (2002). "Colostrum and its benefits: a review". Nutrition Research. 22 (6): 755–767. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00373-1.
  72. ↑ Playford, R. J.; Floyd, D. N.; Macdonald, C. E.; Calnan, D. P.; Adenekan, R. O.; Johnson, W.; Goodlad, R. A.; Marchbank, T. (May 1999). "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage". Gut. 44 (5): 653–658. doi:10.1136/gut.44.5.653. PMC   1727496 . PMID   10205201.
  73. ↑ Carver, J. D.; Barness, L. A. (June 1996). "Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract". Clinics in Perinatology. 23 (2): 265–285. doi:10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30242-2. PMID   8780905.
  74. ↑ Baumgart, Daniel C.; Dignass, Axel U. (November 2002). "Intestinal barrier function". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 5 (6): 685–694. doi:10.1097/00075197-200211000-00012. PMID   12394645. S2CID   2326543.
  75. ↑ Playford, Raymond J.; Macdonald, Christopher E.; Johnson, Wendy S. (1 July 2000). "Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72 (1): 5–14. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.1.5 . PMID   10871554.
  76. ↑ Kelly, G. S. (November 2003). "Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses". Alternative Medicine Review. 8 (4): 378–394. PMID   14653766.
  77. 1 2 Hofman, Zandrie; Smeets, Rolf; Verlaan, George; Lugt, Richard V. D.; Verstappen, Peter A. (December 2002). "The Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Elite Field Hockey Players". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 12 (4): 461–469. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.461. PMID   12500989.
  78. ↑ Playford, Ray; et al. (March 2011). "The nutriceutical, bovine colostrum, truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 300 (3): G477-84. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2010. PMID   21148400.
  79. ↑ Berk, L. S.; Nieman, D. C.; Youngberg, W. S.; Arabatzis, K.; Simpson-Westerberg, M.; Lee, J. W.; Tan, S. A.; Eby, W. C. (April 1990). "The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 22 (2): 207–212. PMID   2355818.
  80. ↑ Antonio, Jose; Sanders, Michael S.; Van Gammeren, Darin (March 2001). "The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women". Nutrition. 17 (3): 243–247. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00552-9. PMID   11312068.
  81. ↑ Arai, Y.; Hirose, N.; Yamamura, K.; Shimizu, K.-i.; Takayama, M.; Ebihara, Y.; Osono, Y. (1 February 2001). "Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Centenarians: Implications of IGF-1 as a Rapid Turnover Protein". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 56 (2): M79–M82. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.2.m79 . PMID   11213280.
  82. ↑ Caregaro, L.; Favaro, A.; Santonastaso, P.; Alberino, F.; Di Pascoli, L.; Nardi, M.; Favaro, S.; Gatta, A. (June 2001). "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders". Clinical Nutrition. 20 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1054/clnu.2001.0397. PMID   11407872.
  83. ↑ Rasmussen, Michael Højby; Frystyk, Jan; Andersen, Teis; Breum, Leif; Christiansen, Jens Sandahl; Hilsted, Jannik (March 1994). "The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone". Metabolism. 43 (3): 315–319. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90099-x. PMID   7511202.
  84. ↑ Mero, Antti; Kähkönen, Jonne; Nykänen, Tarja; Parviainen, Tapani; Jokinen, Ilmari; Takala, Timo; Nikula, Tuomo; Rasi, Simo; Leppäluoto, Juhani (1 August 2002). "IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training". Journal of Applied Physiology. 93 (2): 732–739. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2002. PMID   12133885. S2CID   10568424.
  85. ↑ Wakabayashi, Hiroyuki; Matsumoto, Hiroshi; Hashimoto, Koichi; Teraguchi, Susumu; Takase, Mitsunori; Hayasawa, Hirotoshi (January 1999). "Inhibition of Iron/Ascorbate-Induced Lipid Peroxidation by an N-Terminal Peptide of Bovine Lactoferrin and Its Acylated Derivatives". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 63 (5): 955–957. doi: 10.1271/bbb.63.955 . PMID   10380640.
  86. ↑ Gutteridge, J. M.; Smith, A. (15 December 1988). "Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation". Biochemical Journal. 256 (3): 861–865. doi:10.1042/bj2560861. PMC   1135495 . PMID   3223958.
  87. ↑ "Cooking and Food" (PDF). Manx Farming and Country Life. 9. 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
  88. ↑ K., Bhumika (2017-05-18). "The milky way". The Hindu. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  89. ↑ Otto, Wlodzimierz; Najnigier, Boguslaw; Stelmasiak, Teodor; Robins-Browne, Roy M. (July 2011). "Randomized control trials using a tablet formulation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum to prevent diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in volunteers". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 46 (7–8): 862–868. doi:10.3109/00365521.2011.574726. PMC   3154584 . PMID   21526980.
  90. ↑ TGA guidance BCP
  91. ↑ Lawrence, H. S. (1 August 1949). "The Cellular Transfer of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin in Man". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 71 (4): 516–522. doi:10.3181/00379727-71-17242. PMID   18139800. S2CID   37728884.
  92. ↑ Janusz, Maria; Lisowski, Józef; Franěk, Frantisěk (15 December 1974). "Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum". FEBS Letters. 49 (2): 276–279. Bibcode:1974FEBSL..49..276J. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80529-6 . PMID   4442608. S2CID   2495375.
  93. ↑ Zimecki, Michal (2008). "A Proline-Rich Polypeptide from Ovine Colostrum: Colostrinin with Immunomodulatory Activity". Bioactive Components of Milk. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 606. pp. 241–250. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_9. ISBN   978-0-387-74086-7. PMID   18183932.
  94. ↑ Levin, A. S.; Spitler, L. E.; Fudenberg, H. H. (1975). "Transfer factor I: methods of therapy". Birth Defects Original Article Series. 11 (1): 445–448. PMID   1080060.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.