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 Bolivia |  Mexico |
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The nations of Bolivia and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1831. [1] Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
There is a community of approximately 10,000 Mexican citizens residing in Bolivia, many primarily from the Mennonite community. [2] [3]
Historically, both nations were host to great indigenous cultures; the Aztecs and Mayas in Mexico and the Incas and Aymaras in Bolivia. Both countries were part of the Spanish Empire until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of Viceroyalty of New Spain while Bolivia was at first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and then in 1776, it became part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. [1]
Soon after independence, both nations established diplomatic relations in 1831. [1] That same year, Mexico sent its first concurrent ambassador to Bolivia based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In September 1902, the first Mexican consulate-general was opened in La Paz and thus the first official diplomatic mission of Mexico in the country. In 1934, Bolivia opened its first diplomatic mission in Mexico City. In February 1939, both diplomatic missions were elevated to embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. [1]
Between 1964 and 1982, Bolivia was ruled by a military junta. [4] During this time period, diplomatic relations between Bolivia and Mexico became tense. Between 1967 and 1980, the Mexican embassy in La Paz provided asylum to 260 Bolivian citizens during that time period. The most prominent asylee at the embassy was Dr. Antonio Arguedas Mendieta, a Bolivian national and former Minister of the Interior who in 1968 arranged for copies of Che Guevara's captured diaries to be smuggled to Havana, Cuba after his death in Bolivia in October 1967. When the government of President René Barrientos discovered the documents to be missing, it was discovered that Dr. Arguedas Mendieta was a CIA agent who had been recruited to destroy Che Guevara's forces in the country, but he was soon to become disenchanted with the Bolivian government and decided to send Guevara's diaries to Cuba. Dr. Arguedas Mendieta was accused by the Bolivian State for selling state secrets and in July 1969, Dr. Arguedas Mendieta sought asylum in the Mexican embassy where he remained until May 1970 when he was granted safe-conduct out of Bolivia to Mexico. [5]
In 1960, Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos had planned to visit Bolivia, however, his visit was suspended by force majeure . [1] In 1963, President Víctor Paz Estenssoro became the first Bolivian head-of-state to visit Mexico. [6] In 1990, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari became the first Mexican head-of-state to pay an official visit to Bolivia. [1]
In September 1994, Bolivia and Mexico signed a free trade agreement, however, in June 2010, Bolivian President Evo Morales cancelled the free trade agreement with Mexico. [7] In January 2019, Bolivian Foreign Minister, Diego Pary, paid a visit to Mexico and met with Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard. During the visit, Mexico stated that it intends to remove visa requirements for Bolivian citizens for touristic purposes. [8]
During the 2019 Bolivian general election, the Organization of American States conducted an audit that found "clear manipulation" in the election and significant irregularities overseen by the Electoral Commission. Following protests, President Morales agreed to hold fresh elections on 10 November 2019; however, soon afterwards President Morales and his vice president, Álvaro García Linera, resigned from office after losing support from the police and military. The Mexican government offered President Morales asylum in Mexico which he accepted the following day before boarding a Mexican Air Force plane to Mexico and arrived in Mexico City on 12 November 2019. [9] On 12 December 2019, Evo Morales left Mexico for Argentina after the swearing in of the new president, Alberto Fernández, where he was granted asylum. [10]
Upon the arrival of Evo Morales to Mexico, relations between Mexico and the Bolivian government of interim-President Jeanine Áñez had been tense. The Mexican embassy in La Paz had opened its ambassador's residence to various former associates of Evo Morales, and this had led to protests from angry Bolivians who oppose the ex-president. [11] The Mexican government had accused Bolivian authorities of harassing and intimidating its diplomatic staff, and had asked the International Court of Justice to mediate in the dispute. [11] On 30 December, a few days after two Spanish diplomats visited the Mexican embassy's residence to pay a courtesy visit; the Bolivian government expelled the Mexican Ambassador, María Teresa Mercado, from the country along with two Spanish diplomats and accused both governments of having ulterior "hostile" motives, thus creating a diplomatic dispute between the Bolivian government with both Mexico and Spain. [11]
After electoral victory of Luis Arce in 2020 Bolivian general election the relations between Bolivia and Mexico became friendly again. Luis Arce visited Mexico as President of Bolivia in March 2021 and met with his Mexican counterpart Andrés Manuel López Obrador. [12] In May 2021, Mexico eliminated visa requirements for ordinary Bolivian passport holders to visit Mexico. [13] In September of that same year, President Acre returned to Mexico to attend the CELAC summit. [14]
Presidential visits from Bolivia to Mexico [6] [15] [16]
Presidential visits from Mexico to Bolivia [1] [17] [18]
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as a Treaty for the Execution of Criminal Sentences (1985); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1990); Agreement of Cooperation to Combat Drug Trafficking and Drug dependency (1990); Air Transportation Agreement (1993); Agreement in Education, Sports and Cultural Cooperation (1998); Treaty of Cooperation of Legal Aid in Criminal Matters (2005); Extradition Treaty (2007) and an Agreement of Cooperation in Mutual Administrative Assistance and Exchange of Information in Customs Matters (2015). [19]
In September 1994, a free trade agreement was signed between the two nations, however, in June 2010 Bolivian President Evo Morales cancelled the free trade agreement with Mexico. In 2023, bilateral trade between Bolivia and Mexico amounted to US$276 million. [20] Bolivia's exports to Mexico include: tin ingots, soybeans, oil seeds, helmets, hides and skins, zinc ores and concentrates. Mexico's exports to Bolivia include: motor vehicles and tractors, medicines, household appliances, machinery, malt extracts and petroleum. [20] Mexican multinational companies such as Gruma and Grupo Bimbo operate in Bolivia. [20]
Bolivia–United States relations were established in 1837 with the first ambassadorial visit from the United States to Peru–Bolivian Confederation. The Confederation dissolved in 1839, and bilateral relations did not occur until 1848 when the United States recognized Bolivia as a sovereign state and appointed John Appleton as the Chargé d'Affaires.
The nations of Argentina and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1888. Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, G-20 major economies, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The foreign policy of the Evo Morales administration concerns the policy initiatives made towards other states by the former President of Bolivia, in difference to past, or future, Bolivian foreign policy. Morales' foreign policy can be roughly divided between that of the Americas and the rest of the world.
The nations of Mexico and Uruguay established diplomatic relations in 1831. Both nations are members of the Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Peru–Uruguay relations are the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Peru and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Both nations are members of the Cairns Group, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Group of 77, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Mexico and Paraguay established diplomatic relations in 1831. Both countries are full members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Diplomatic relations between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of the Philippines, have existed for decades. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Group of 77, the G20 developing nations, and Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation and the United Nations.
Guatemala–Mexico relations are the historical and current bilateral relations between Guatemala and Mexico. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Bolivia–Uruguay relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Both nations are members of the Cairns Group, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Group of 77, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Luis Alberto Arce Catacora, often referred to as Lucho, is a Bolivian banker, economist, and politician serving as the 67th president of Bolivia since 2020. A member of the Movement for Socialism, he previously served as minister of finance—later minister of economy and public finance—from 2006 to 2017, and in 2019.
The nations of Mexico and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1823. Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Lima Group, Organization of Ibero-American States, Organization of American States, Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.
El Salvador–Mexico relations are the diplomatic relations between El Salvador and Mexico. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Ecuador and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1830. Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Honduras–Mexico relations are the diplomatic relations between Honduras and Mexico. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
Bolivia–Spain relations are the current and historical relations between Bolivia and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The Plurinational State of Bolivia and the State of Israel first established a diplomatic relationship with each other in 1950, two years after the Israeli Declaration of Independence and one year after Bolivia recognized Israel's sovereignty. Both countries enjoyed generally stable and close ties until the beginning of the 21st century, when successive Bolivian governments became vocally opposed to Israeli military operations against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. Under the Bolivian political party Movement for Socialism, which has governed the country on a near-continuous basis since 2006, Bolivia has adopted an increasingly pro-Palestinian stance at the United Nations with regard to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, eliciting a negative response from the Israeli government.
Bolivia–Japan relations are the diplomatic relations between Bolivia and Japan. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on the history of Japanese migration to Bolivia. Approximately 14,000 Bolivians have Japanese ancestry. Both nations are members of the Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation.
The 2019–2020 Mexico–Bolivia diplomatic crisis began on 29 October 2019 when the Mexican government congratulated incumbent Bolivian President Evo Morales for his reelection victory. After the election, a preliminary report by the Organization of American States on 9 November reported numerous irregularities in the election, and amid protests and pressure from the Bolivian armed forces and police, Morales was forced to resign.
Rogelio Mayta Mayta is a Bolivian lawyer and politician currently serving as the Foreign Minister of Bolivia since 9 November 2020 to 15 November 2023 under the administration of Luis Arce.
Bolivia-Venezuela Relations are the existing bilateral relations between the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Both nations established their diplomatic relations on 14 September 1883, during the government of the President of Bolivia Narciso Campero Leyes and the government of the President of Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Blanco.
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