Asterales is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae known for composite flowers made of florets, and ten families related to the Asteraceae. While asterids in general are characterized by fused petals, composite flowers consisting of many florets create the false appearance of separate petals.
The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order.
Gentianales is an order of flowering plant, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae.
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants and An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981).
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.
Menyanthaceae is a family of aquatic and wetland plants in the order Asterales. There are approximately 60-70 species in six genera distributed worldwide. The simple or compound leaves arise alternately from a creeping rhizome. In the submersed aquatic genus Nymphoides, leaves are floating and support a lax, umbellate or racemose inflorescence. In other genera the inflorescence is erect and consists of one to many flowers. The sympetalous, insect-pollinated flowers are five-parted and either yellow or white. The petals are ciliate or adorned with lateral wings. Fruit type is a capsule.
The APG system of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved APG II in 2003, APG III system in 2009 and APG IV system in 2016.
A system of plant taxonomy, the Goldberg system was published in:
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in the general form of cyclopentanopyran, found in a wide variety of plants and some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often bound to glucose.
The Melchior system, "a reference in all taxonomic courses", is a classification system detailing the taxonomic system of the Angiospermae according to A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1964), also known as "modified or updated" Engler system.
Exacum is a genus of plant in family Gentianaceae. It contains the following species :
Nymphoides peltata is perennial, rooted aquatic plant with floating leaves of the family Menyanthaceae.
Araujia is a small genus of perennial vines in the dogbane family first described as a genus in 1817. The group is native to South America.
Tweedia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1835. The genus is native to South America. An ornamental plant, Oxypetalum coeruleum, formerly included in this genus is commonly referred to as "tweedia".
- Tweedia andina(Phil.) G.H.Rua - Chile
- Tweedia aucaensisG.H. Rua - Argentina
- Tweedia australis(Malme) C. Ezcurra - Argentina
- Tweedia birostrata(Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. - Chile
- Tweedia brunonisHook. & Arn. - Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay
- Tweedia echegarayi(Hieron.) Malme - Argentina
- Tweedia solanoides(Hook. & Arn.) Chittenden - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Nymphoides hydrophylla, commonly known as crested floating-heart, is an aquatic plant of the family Menyanthaceae native to tropical Asia. It has cordate floating leaves that support a lax inflorescence of dainty white flowers with fringed petal margins. Its slim stem (spear) is edible, and is used as vegetable in Taiwan, mostly produced at Meinong District, Kaohsiung.
Nymphoides macrospermum is a critically endangered aquatic plant of the family Menyanthaceae endemic to Alwaye in Kerala, India. It is an annual herb which has been observed in paddy fields, lagoons and slowly flowing streams. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.
Nymphoides sivarajanii is a critically endangered aquatic plant of the family Menyanthaceae endemic to Chettipadi in Malappuram district in Kerala, India.
Contortae as a term has appeared in several senses in botanical taxonomy, most conspicuously as follows:
Symbolanthus, the ring‐gentians, are a genus of flowering plants in the family Gentianaceae, native to the montane tropics of southern Central America and northern and eastern South America.
