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Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking,coughing,throat clearing,sniffing,and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles known as a premonitory urge,can sometimes be suppressed temporarily,and characteristically change in location,strength,and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.
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A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups. It is typically brief and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture.
Sensory overload occurs when one or more of the body's senses experiences over-stimulation from the environment.
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Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence,characterized by the presence of motor and phonic tics. The management of Tourette syndrome has the goal of managing symptoms to achieve optimum functioning,rather than eliminating symptoms;not all persons with Tourette's require treatment,and there is no cure or universally effective medication. Explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment;education is an important part of any treatment plan.
Causes and origins of Tourette syndrome have not been fully elucidated. Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence,characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics and at least one phonic tic,which characteristically wax and wane. Tourette's syndrome occurs along a spectrum of tic disorders,which includes transient tics and chronic tics.
The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric,neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences,while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought,image,or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile,demographics,family history,neurobiology,comorbidity,clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence,characterized by the presence of multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management options are evidence-based practices with established treatment efficacy for ADHD. Approaches that have been evaluated in the management of ADHD symptoms include FDA-approved pharmacologic treatment and other pharmaceutical agents,psychological or behavioral approaches,combined pharmacological and behavioral approaches,cognitive training,neurofeedback,neurostimulation,physical exercise,nutrition and supplements,integrative medicine,parent support,and school interventions. Based on two 2024 systematic reviews of the literature,FDA-approved medications and to a lesser extent psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve core ADHD symptoms compared to control groups.
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia,a psychiatric disorder,are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis,and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
The cause of obsessive–compulsive disorder is understood mainly through identifying biological risk factors that lead to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomology. The leading hypotheses propose the involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex,basal ganglia,and/or the limbic system,with discoveries being made in the fields of neuroanatomy,neurochemistry,neuroimmunology,neurogenetics,and neuroethology.
Schizophrenia is a primary psychotic disorder,whereas,bipolar disorder is a primary mood disorder which can also involve psychosis. Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are characterized as critical psychiatric disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). However,because of some similar symptoms,differentiating between the two can sometimes be difficult;indeed,there is an intermediate diagnosis termed schizoaffective disorder.
The delayed-maturation theory of obsessive–compulsive disorder suggests that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) can be caused by delayed maturation of the frontal striatal circuitry or parts of the brain that make up the frontal cortex,striatum,or integrating circuits. Some researchers suspect that variations in the volume of specific brain structures can be observed in children that have OCD. It has not been determined if delayed-maturation of this frontal circuitry contributes to the development of OCD or if OCD is the ailment that inhibits normal growth of structures in the frontal striatal,frontal cortex,or striatum. However,the use of neuroimaging has equipped researchers with evidence of some brain structures that are consistently less adequate and less matured in patients diagnosed with OCD in comparison to brains without OCD. More specifically,structures such as the caudate nucleus,volumes of gray matter,white matter,and the cingulate have been identified as being less developed in people with OCD in comparison to individuals that do not have OCD. However,the cortex volume of the operculum (brain) is larger and OCD patients are also reported to have larger temporal lobe volumes;which has been identified in some women patients with OCD. Further research is needed to determine the effect of these structural size differences on the onset and degree of OCD and the maturation of specific brain structures.
The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is a psychological measure designed to assess the severity and frequency of symptoms of disorders such as tic disorder,Tourette syndrome,and obsessive-compulsive disorder,in children and adolescents between ages 6 and 17.
Hilary Patricia Blumberg is a medical doctor and the inaugural John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine. She is also a professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging,and works in the Child Study Center at Yale where she has been a faculty member since 1998. She attended Harvard University as an undergraduate,and completed medical school at Cornell University Medical College (1990). She completed her medical internship and psychiatry residency at Cornell University Medical College/New York Hospital,and her neuroimaging fellowship training at Cornell University,Weill Medical College. She has received the 2006 National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) and the Gerald L. Klerman Award for Clinical Research. Blumberg has authored a number of scientific articles that focus on bipolar disorder,neuroimaging,and effects of specific genetic variations,developmental trajectories and structure-function relationships.
The Tourette's Disorder Scale (TODS) is a psychological measure used to assess tics and co-occurring conditions in Tourette syndrome,a disease characterised by simple and complex motor and vocal tics and a wide range of behavioural and emotional symptoms. There are two versions of TODS (TODS-CR and TODS-PR),each being a 15-item scale that helps clinicians evaluate the severity of various symptoms associated with tics,inattention,hyperactivity,obsessions,compulsions,aggression and emotions.
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- ↑ Nelson, Mary Baron; O'Neil, Sharon H.; Wisnowski, Jessica L.; Hart, Danielle; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Rauh, Virginia; Perera, Frederica; Andrews, Howard F.; Hoepner, Lori A.; Garcia, Wanda; Algermissen, Molly; Bansal, Ravi; Peterson, Bradley S. (October 16, 2019). "Maturation of Brain Microstructure and Metabolism Associates with Increased Capacity for Self-Regulation during the Transition from Childhood to Adolescence". Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (42): 8362–8375. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2422-18.2019. PMC 6794926 . PMID 31444243 – via www.jneurosci.org.
- ↑ Marsh, Rachel; Zhu, Hongtu; Schultz, Robert T.; Quackenbush, Georgette; Royal, Jason; Skudlarski, Pawel; Peterson, Bradley S. (November 12, 2006). "A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control". Human Brain Mapping. 27 (11): 848–863. doi:10.1002/hbm.20225. PMC 2292452 . PMID 16421886.
- ↑ Posner, Jonathan; Russell, James A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (September 12, 2005). "The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology". Development and Psychopathology. 17 (3): 715–734. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050340. PMC 2367156 . PMID 16262989.
- ↑ Posner, Jonathan; Russell, James A.; Gerber, Andrew; Gorman, Daniel; Colibazzi, Tiziano; Yu, Shan; Wang, Zhishun; Kangarlu, Alayar; Zhu, Hongtu; Peterson, Bradley S. (March 12, 2009). "The neurophysiological bases of emotion: An fMRI study of the affective circumplex using emotion-denoting words". Human Brain Mapping. 30 (3): 883–895. doi:10.1002/hbm.20553. PMC 2644729 . PMID 18344175.
- ↑ Gerber, Andrew J.; Posner, Jonathan; Gorman, Daniel; Colibazzi, Tiziano; Yu, Shan; Wang, Zhishun; Kangarlu, Alayar; Zhu, Hongtu; Russell, James; Peterson, Bradley S. (July 1, 2008). "An affective circumplex model of neural systems subserving valence, arousal, and cognitive overlay during the appraisal of emotional faces". Neuropsychologia. 46 (8): 2129–2139. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.032. PMC 2486369 . PMID 18440572.
- ↑ Tseng, Angela; Bansal, Ravi; Liu, Jun; Gerber, Andrew J.; Goh, Suzanne; Posner, Jonathan; Colibazzi, Tiziano; Algermissen, Molly; Chiang, I-Chin; Russell, James A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (June 1, 2014). "Using the Circumplex Model of Affect to Study Valence and Arousal Ratings of Emotional Faces by Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44 (6): 1332–1346. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1993-6. PMC 4301408 . PMID 24234677 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Colibazzi, Tiziano; Posner, Jonathan; Wang, Zhishun; Gorman, Daniel; Gerber, Andrew; Yu, Shan; Zhu, Hongtu; Kangarlu, Alayar; Duan, Yunsuo; Russell, James A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (February 12, 2010). "Neural systems subserving valence and arousal during the experience of induced emotions". Emotion. 10 (3): 377–389. doi:10.1037/a0018484. PMID 20515226. S2CID 4849117 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Marsh, Rachel; Hao, Xuejun; Xu, Dongrong; Wang, Zhishun; Duan, Yunsuo; Liu, Jun; Kangarlu, Alayar; Martinez, Diana; Garcia, Felix; Tau, Gregory Z.; Yu, Shan; Packard, Mark G.; Peterson, Bradley S. (August 1, 2010). "A virtual reality-based FMRI study of reward-based spatial learning". Neuropsychologia. 48 (10): 2912–2921. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.033. PMC 2914178 . PMID 20570684.
- ↑ Horga, Guillermo; Maia, Tiago V.; Marsh, Rachel; Hao, Xuejun; Xu, Dongrong; Duan, Yunsuo; Tau, Gregory Z.; Graniello, Barbara; Wang, Zhishun; Kangarlu, Alayar; Martinez, Diana; Packard, Mark G.; Peterson, Bradley S. (February 12, 2015). "Changes in corticostriatal connectivity during reinforcement learning in humans". Human Brain Mapping. 36 (2): 793–803. doi:10.1002/hbm.22665. PMC 4332407 . PMID 25393839.
- ↑ Tau, Gregory Z.; Marsh, Rachel; Wang, Zhishun; Torres-Sanchez, Tania; Graniello, Barbara; Hao, Xuejun; Xu, Dongrong; Packard, Mark G.; Duan, Yunsuo; Kangarlu, Alayar; Martinez, Diana; Peterson, Bradley S. (February 12, 2014). "Neural Correlates of Reward-Based Spatial Learning in Persons with Cocaine Dependence". Neuropsychopharmacology. 39 (3): 545–555. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.189. PMC 3895231 . PMID 23917430.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Staib, Lawrence; Scahill, Lawrence; Zhang, Heping; Anderson, Carol; Leckman, James F.; Cohen, Donald J.; Gore, John C.; Albert, John; Webster, Rebecca (2001). "Regional brain and ventricular volumes in Tourette syndrome". Archives of General Psychiatry. 58 (5): 427–440. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.427. PMID 11343521. S2CID 10260320.
- ↑ Margolis, Amy; Donkervoort, Mireille; Kinsbourne, Marcel; Peterson, Bradley S. (February 12, 2006). "Interhemispheric connectivity and executive functioning in adults with Tourette syndrome". Neuropsychology. 20 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.66. PMC 2364723 . PMID 16460223.
- ↑ Plessen, Kerstin J.; Grüner, Renate; Lundervold, Arvid; Hirsch, Jochen G.; Xu, Dongrong; Bansal, Ravi; Hammar, Åsa; Lundervold, Astri J.; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Lie, Stein Atle; Gass, Achim; Peterson, Bradley S.; Hugdahl, Kenneth (November 12, 2006). "Reduced white matter connectivity in the corpus callosum of children with Tourette syndrome". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 47 (10): 1013–1022. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01639.x. PMC 2367126 . PMID 17073980.
- ↑ Plessen, Kerstin J.; Bansal, Ravi; Peterson, Bradley S. (December 1, 2009). "Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 67 (6): 559–573. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.005. PMC 4283588 . PMID 19913660.
- ↑ Bloch, Michael H.; Leckman, James F.; Zhu, Hongtu; Peterson, Bradley S. (October 25, 2005). "Caudate volumes in childhood predict symptom severity in adults with Tourette syndrome". Neurology. 65 (8): 1253–1258. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180957.98702.69. PMC 2367161 . PMID 16247053.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Choi, Huimahn A.; Hao, Xuejun; Amat, Jose A.; Zhu, Hongtu; Whiteman, Ronald; Liu, Jun; Xu, Dongrong; Bansal, Ravi (2007). "Morphologic Features of the Amygdala and Hippocampus in Children and Adults With Tourette Syndrome". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (11): 1281–1291. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1281. PMC 2291296 . PMID 17984397.
- ↑ Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Kan, Eric; Yoshii, June; Thompson, Paul M.; Bansal, Ravi; Xu, Dongrong; Toga, Arthur W.; Peterson, Bradley S. (June 12, 2008). "Thinning of sensorimotor cortices in children with Tourette syndrome". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (6): 637–639. doi:10.1038/nn.2121. PMC 2605107 . PMID 18488025.
- ↑ Wang, Zhishun; Maia, Tiago V.; Marsh, Rachel; Colibazzi, Tiziano; Gerber, Andrew; Peterson, Bradley S. (December 12, 2011). "The Neural Circuits That Generate Tics in Tourette's Syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (12): 1326–1337. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.09111692. PMC 4246702 . PMID 21955933.
- ↑ Marsh, R.; Alexander, G. M.; Packard, M. G.; Zhu, H.; Wingard, J. C.; Quackenbush, G.; Peterson, B. S. (2004). "Habit learning in Tourette syndrome: a translational neuroscience approach to a developmental psychopathology". Archives of General Psychiatry. 61 (12): 1259–1268. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.12.1259. PMID 15583117.
- ↑ Sowell, Elizabeth R; Thompson, Paul M; Welcome, Suzanne E; Henkenius, Amy L; Toga, Arthur W; Peterson, Bradley S (November 12, 2003). "Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". The Lancet. 362 (9397): 1699–1707. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14842-8. PMID 14643117. S2CID 35522357.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Potenza, Marc N.; Wang, Zhishun; Zhu, Hongtu; Martin, Andrés; Marsh, Rachel; Plessen, Kerstin J.; Yu, Shan (November 12, 2009). "An fMRI Study of the Effects of Psychostimulants on Default-Mode Processing During Stroop Task Performance in Youths With ADHD". American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (11): 1286–1294. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08050724. PMC 3289412 . PMID 19755575.
- ↑ Ivanov, Iliyan; Bansal, Ravi; Hao, Xuejun; Zhu, Hongtu; Kellendonk, Cristoph; Miller, Loren; Sanchez-Pena, Juan; Miller, Ann M.; Chakravarty, M. Mallar; Klahr, Kristin; Durkin, Kathleen; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Peterson, Bradley S. (April 12, 2010). "Morphological Abnormalities of the Thalamus in Youths With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (4): 397–408. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030398. PMC 4282161 . PMID 20123910.
- ↑ Sobel, Loren J.; Bansal, Ravi; Maia, Tiago V.; Sanchez, Juan; Mazzone, Luigi; Durkin, Kathleen; Liu, Jun; Hao, Xuejun; Ivanov, Iliyan; Miller, Ann; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Peterson, Bradley S. (August 12, 2010). "Basal Ganglia Surface Morphology and the Effects of Stimulant Medications in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (8): 977–986. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091259. PMC 4254769 . PMID 20595414.
- ↑ Plessen, Kerstin J.; Bansal, Ravi; Zhu, Hongtu; Whiteman, Ronald; Amat, Jose; Quackenbush, Georgette A.; Martin, Laura; Durkin, Kathleen; Blair, Clancy; Royal, Jason; Hugdahl, Kenneth; Peterson, Bradley S. (2006). "Hippocampus and Amygdala Morphology in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry. 63 (7): 795–807. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.795. PMC 2367150 . PMID 16818869.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Vohr, Betty; Staib, Lawrence H.; Cannistraci, Christopher J.; Dolberg, Aaron; Schneider, Karen C.; Katz, Karol H.; Westerveld, Michael; Sparrow, Sara; Anderson, Adam W.; Duncan, Charles C.; Makuch, Robert W.; Gore, John C.; Ment, Laura R. (2022). "Regional Brain Volume Abnormalities and Long-term Cognitive Outcome in Preterm Infants". The Science of Mental Health. pp. 215–223. doi:10.4324/9780203822937-21. ISBN 978-0-203-82293-7.
- ↑ Ment, Laura R.; Vohr, Betty R.; Schneider, Karen A.; Katz, Karol; Cannistraci, Christopher; Fulbright, Robert; Peterson, Bradley (April 12, 1999). "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Assessment of Language Systems in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Preterm Infants". Pediatric Research. 45 (7): 344. doi:10.1203/00006450-199904020-02046 – via www.nature.com.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Vohr, Betty; Kane, Michael J.; Whalen, Douglas H.; Schneider, Karen C.; Katz, Karol H.; Zhang, Heping; Duncan, Charles C.; Makuch, Robert; Gore, John C.; Ment, Laura R. (2002). "A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Language Processing and Its Cognitive Correlates in Prematurely Born Children". Pediatrics. 110 (6): 1153–1162. doi:10.1542/peds.110.6.1153. PMID 12456913.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Anderson, Adam W.; Ehrenkranz, Richard; Staib, Lawrence H.; Tageldin, Magdi; Colson, Eve; Gore, John C.; Duncan, Charles C.; Makuch, Robert; Ment, Laura R. (2003). "Regional Brain Volumes and Their Later Neurodevelopmental Correlates in Term and Preterm Infants". Pediatrics. 111 (5): 939–948. doi:10.1542/peds.111.5.939. PMID 12728069.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Rosen, Tove; Dingman, Sherry; Toth, Zachary R.; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Hao, Xuejun; Liu, Feng; Xu, Dongrong; Dong, Zhengchao; Peterson, Jarod B.; Ryoo, Ji Hoon; Serino, Dana; Branch, Craig A.; Bansal, Ravi (2020). "Associations of Maternal Prenatal Drug Abuse With Measures of Newborn Brain Structure, Tissue Organization, and Metabolite Concentrations". JAMA Pediatrics. 174 (9): 831–842. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1622. PMC 7296459 . PMID 32539126.
- ↑ Rauh, Virginia A.; Perera, Frederica P.; Horton, Megan K.; Whyatt, Robin M.; Bansal, Ravi; Hao, Xuejun; Liu, Jun; Barr, Dana Boyd; Slotkin, Theodore A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (May 15, 2012). "Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (20): 7871–7876. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7871R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1203396109 . PMC 3356641 . PMID 22547821.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Bansal, Ravi; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Nati, Carlo; Elgabalawy, Eman R.; Hoepner, Lori A.; Garcia, Wanda; Hao, Xuejun; Margolis, Amy; Perera, Frederica; Rauh, Virginia (November 12, 2022). "Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered brain structure, function, and metabolism in childhood". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 63 (11): 1316–1331. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13578. PMID 35165899. S2CID 246825991 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Blumberg, Hilary P.; Kaufman, Joan; Martin, Andrés; Whiteman, Ronald; Zhang, Jane Hongyuan; Gore, John C.; Charney, Dennis S.; Krystal, John H.; Peterson, Bradley S. (2003). "Amygdala and Hippocampal Volumes in Adolescents and Adults With Bipolar Disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry. 60 (12): 1201–1208. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1201. PMID 14662552.
- ↑ Blumberg, H. P.; Leung, H. C.; Skudlarski, P.; Lacadie, C. M.; Fredericks, C. A.; Harris, B. C.; Charney, D. S.; Gore, J. C.; Krystal, J. H.; Peterson, B. S. (2003). "A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Bipolar Disorder State- and Trait-Related Dysfunction in Ventral Prefrontal Cortices". Archives of General Psychiatry. 60 (6): 601–609. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.6.601. PMID 12796223.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Weissman, Myrna M. (February 18, 2011). "A Brain-Based Endophenotype for Major Depressive Disorder". Annual Review of Medicine. 62 (1): 461–474. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-010510-095632. PMC 3269401 . PMID 21226617.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Warner, Virginia; Bansal, Ravi; Zhu, Hongtu; Hao, Xuejun; Liu, Jun; Durkin, Kathleen; Adams, Phillip B.; Wickramaratne, Priya; Weissman, Myrna M. (April 14, 2009). "Cortical thinning in persons at increased familial risk for major depression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (15): 6273–6278. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6273P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805311106 . PMC 2669378 . PMID 19329490.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Wang, Zhishun; Horga, Guillermo; Warner, Virginia; Rutherford, Bret; Klahr, Kristin W.; Graniello, Barbara; Wickramaratne, Priya; Garcia, Felix; Yu, Shan; Hao, Xuejun; Adams, Phillip B.; Qian, Ming; Liu, Jun; Gerber, Andrew; Weissman, Myrna M. (February 1, 2014). "Discriminating Risk and Resilience Endophenotypes From Lifetime Illness Effects in Familial Major Depressive Disorder". JAMA Psychiatry. 71 (2): 136–148. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4048. PMC 3965257 . PMID 24369340.
- ↑ Posner, Jonathan; Hellerstein, David J.; Gat, Inbal; Mechling, Anna; Klahr, Kristin; Wang, Zhishun; McGrath, Patrick J.; Stewart, Jonathan W.; Peterson, Bradley S. (April 1, 2013). "Antidepressants Normalize the Default Mode Network in Patients With Dysthymia". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (4): 373–382. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.455. PMC 3935731 . PMID 23389382.
- ↑ Bansal, Ravi; Hellerstein, David J.; Sawardekar, Siddhant; O’Neill, Joseph; Peterson, Bradley S. (July 19, 2019). "Effects of the antidepressant medication duloxetine on brain metabolites in persistent depressive disorder: A randomized, controlled trial". PLOS ONE. 14 (7): e0219679. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419679B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219679 . PMC 6641507 . PMID 31323045.
- ↑ Bansal, R.; Hellerstein, D. J.; Peterson, B. S. (February 12, 2018). "Evidence for neuroplastic compensation in the cerebral cortex of persons with depressive illness". Molecular Psychiatry. 23 (2): 375–383. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.34. PMC 5589468 . PMID 28265119.
- ↑ Goh, Suzanne; Dong, Zhengchao; Zhang, Yudong; DiMauro, Salvatore; Peterson, Bradley S. (June 1, 2014). "Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Neurobiological Subtype of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From Brain Imaging". JAMA Psychiatry. 71 (6): 665–671. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.179. PMC 4239991 . PMID 24718932.
- ↑ O’Neill, Joseph; Bansal, Ravi; Goh, Suzanne; Rodie, Martina; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Peterson, Bradley S. (January 12, 2020). "Parsing the Heterogeneity of Brain Metabolic Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 87 (2): 174–184. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.010. PMC 6925333 . PMID 31427037.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Zargarian, Ariana; Peterson, Jarod B.; Goh, Suzanne; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Williams, Steven C.R.; Lythgoe, David J.; Zelaya, Fernando O.; Bansal, Ravi (April 12, 2019). "Hyperperfusion of Frontal White and Subcortical Gray Matter in Autism Spectrum Disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 85 (7): 584–595. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.026. PMC 6420395 . PMID 30711191.
- ↑ Peterson, Bradley S.; Liu, Jiaqi; Dantec, Louis; Newman, Courtney; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Goh, Suzanne; Bansal, Ravi (August 12, 2022). "Using tissue microstructure and multimodal MRI to parse the phenotypic heterogeneity and cellular basis of autism spectrum disorder". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 63 (8): 855–870. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13531. PMC 9091058 . PMID 34762311.
- ↑ Tseng, Angela; Wang, Zhishun; Huo, Yuankai; Goh, Suzanne; Russell, James A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (February 12, 2016). "Differences in neural activity when processing emotional arousal and valence in autism spectrum disorders". Human Brain Mapping. 37 (2): 443–461. doi:10.1002/hbm.23041. PMC 4734135 . PMID 26526072.
- ↑ Bansal, Ravi; Staib, Lawrence H.; Xu, Dongrong; Laine, Andrew F.; Liu, Jun; Peterson, Bradley S. (August 1, 2009). "Using Perturbation theory to reduce noise in diffusion tensor fields". Medical Image Analysis. 13 (4): 580–597. doi:10.1016/j.media.2009.05.001. PMC 2782748 . PMID 19540791.
- ↑ Zhu, Hongtu; Li, Yimei; Ibrahim, Joseph G.; Shi, Xiaoyan; An, Hongyu; Chen, Yashen; Gao, Wei; Lin, Weili; Rowe, Daniel B.; Peterson, Bradley S. (2009). "Regression Models for Identifying Noise Sources in Magnetic Resonance Images". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 104 (486): 623–637. doi:10.1198/jasa.2009.0029. PMC 2771876 . PMID 19890478.
- ↑ Duan, Yunsuo; Peterson, Bradley S.; Liu, Feng; Brown, Truman R.; Ibrahim, Tamer S.; Kangarlu, Alayar (January 12, 2009). "Computational and experimental optimization of a double-tuned 1 H/ 31 P four-ring birdcage head coil for MRS at 3T". Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 29 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1002/jmri.21509. PMID 19097097 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Xu, Dongrong; Hao, Xuejun; Wang, Zhishun; Duan, Yunsuo; Liu, Feng; Marsh, Rachel; Yu, Shan; Peterson, Bradley S. (June 12, 2012). "A Virtual Radial Arm Maze for the Study of Multiple Memory Systems in a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Environment". The International Journal of Virtual Reality. 11 (2): 63–76. doi:10.20870/IJVR.2012.11.2.2844. PMC 4564131 . PMID 26366052.
- ↑ Bansal, Ravi; Staib, Lawrence H.; Laine, Andrew F.; Hao, Xuejun; Xu, Dongrong; Liu, Jun; Weissman, Myrna; Peterson, Bradley S. (December 7, 2012). "Anatomical Brain Images Alone Can Accurately Diagnose Chronic Neuropsychiatric Illnesses". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e50698. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750698B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050698 . PMC 3517530 . PMID 23236384.
- ↑ "Apparatus, method and computer-accessible medium for diagnosing and subtyping psychiatric diseases".